Title	Date
Roman Expansion and Its Commercial Motive	2001
The Black Death's Impact	2001
Revolutionizing Science	2001
Beginning of the Transatlantic Slave Trade	2000
The Impact of the Viking Age	2000
Understanding the Third Reich	2000
Late Antiquity Continuities	1999
Ingenious Pursuits	1999
Matejko's Masterpiece	1999
The Exhibition: One Story or Many?	1999
A Renewed Catholicism in Europe and the World	1998
Dark Continent	1998
A Global Turning Point?	1998
Alexander's Genius	1997
Constructing Nationhood	1997
Stalin: Father of the Cold War	1997
The Problem with the "Rights"	1996
Mesopotamia: The Birth of Civilization	1996
Egypt's Influence on Greece, Reconsidered	1996
The Conquest of the New World: A Late 20th Century View	1996
No Revolution	1996
Ordinary Germans	1996
Soviet Insecurity and the Origins of the Cold War	1996
The Legacies of Revolution	1995
Mourning and the War	1995
Story or History in the Hebrew Bible: Two Arguments	1994
Evaluating 1848	1994
The End of the Revolution?	1994
The Connection Between Medieval and Renaissance Expansion	1993
"Progress Through Coercion"	1993
Art and Nationhood	1993
Communism's Collapse	1993
Alexander as a Tragic Hero	1992
Keeping up Appearances?	1992
The Putney Debates	1992
The Reforming Tsar's Revolution	1992
Nationalism as a Modern Phenomenon	1992
Ordinary Men	1992
The Exhibition: The View from France	1992
The Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Violence	1991
The Causes of the English Revolution II	1991
Not so Happy and Prosperous	1990
"The Year of Truth"	1990
Reviving Nationalism	1989
"A Specter Is Haunting Europe"	1989
The Fall of the Wall	1989
The Soviet Union	1989
Birth of the Modern Age?	1989
Political Conflict Caused the Revolution	1988
Women in the French Revolution	1988
The Lives of Hebrew Women	1988
A Historical Method for Using Biblical Sources	1988
Prelude: 1988	1988
Thatcher's "Revolution"	1988
What Was the Influence of the Egyptians on Greece?	1987
The Hitler Myth	1987
Misogyny, Torture, and the Hunt for Witches	1985
The Causes of the English Revolution I	1980
Kolyma	1980
Roman Imperialism and the Pursuit of Glory	1979
The Phenomenon of Relic Theft	1978
A Raid, not a Siege	1978
Popular Religion in Charlemagne’s World	1978
Orientalism	1978
Socialist Ideas in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century	1978
Power of the Powerless	1978
An Argument for European Union	1978
Did Women Have a Renaissance?	1977
"A Cause for a Crusade"	1977
Did Catholicism Retard Capitalism?	1974
Orderly Political Struggle to the Very End	1974
Who Were the Vikings?	1973
The Gulag	1973
How to Interpret Napoleon's Reign	1972
Prometheus Unbound	1969
A Traditional Analysis of the Slave Trade	1968
The "Troubles" in Ireland	1968
An Arab Revolution	1968
The Catholic Church and the Sexual Revolution	1968
Revolution in Prague	1968
The Year of Revolution in Song	1968
Israel's Mission	1967
Western Power Relations in Outer Space	1967
France Resists the Expansion of the European Union	1967
Humanism as Philosophic Organism	1966
Fiat Lux	1966
Women's Fight for Equality	1966
Reasons to Believe Homer	1964
Children in the Ghetto	1963
The Crusades Were an Episode in European Expansion	1961
One Woman's Memories of 1917	1961
Religion Caused the Reformation	1960
Liberty: Freedom from, or Freedom to?	1959
In Response to Burckhardt: Yes and No	1958
The Drowned and the Saved	1958
The Intellectual Revolution of the 1890s	1958
An Age of Anxiety Brings on the Witch Craze	1956
The Disintegration of the Republic	1955
"The Most Important Book of the Century"	1955
Germany Divided	1949
Opposing Military Alliances	1949
Divisions of Empire	1949
A Nuclear Arms Race	1949
The Cold War and Decolonization	1949
An Orwellian Vision of the Future	1949
Postwar Feminism	1949
A Jewish State	1948
Popular Consensus Enabled the Crusade	1945
Perpetrators	1945
Jewish Life After the War	1945
Retribution	1945
The New Soviet Anthem	1944
The Definition of Genocide	1944
Banal Evil?	1942
Barbarism on the Eastern Front	1942
Russia's War (The Great Fatherland War)	1942
Stalin's Call to Arms	1941
The Holocaust in Ukraine	1941
"A Total Solution"	1941
The Outbreak of War	1941
"Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat"	1940
Requiem	1940
Popular Misery and a Rising Middle Class Led to Revolution	1939
Cynical Catchphrases and the End of the Republic	1939
"Reading" Renaissance Art	1939
The Absolutist Roots of Modern Civilization	1939
Hitler on the Jews	1939
Kristallnacht	1938
The Great Terror	1937
"Life Is Not Easy, Damn It!"	1937
The Conquest of the New World: A mid-20th Century View	1936
"Life's Getting Better"	1936
The Mediterranean and Its Discontents	1935
The Nuremberg Laws	1935
The First Crusade: What Was the Objective?	1935
Little Man, What Now?	1933
Total Revolution	1933
Famine in Soviet Ukraine	1933
The Religion of Liberty	1932
An Appeal to Reason	1931
"Those Who Fall Behind Get Beaten"	1931
The War as Inner Experience	1929
"At the Mytischensk Factory," ca. 1897	1929
Papal Planning Caused the Crusades	1928
The End of Rome	1928
All Quiet	1928
Liberalism = Smith + Bentham	1928
Constructing Revolution	1927
Motherhood and War Are the Key	1926
"A Total Conception of Life"	1925
A New Civilization	1925
Mein Kampf	1924
Lenin's Testament	1922
A Working Girl in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Germany	1921
A European Critique of Imperialism	1920
Was Athens in the Age of Pericles Aristocratic?	1919
The Source of Future Conflict?	1919
Death in Petrograd	1918
The "Unknown" Lenin	1918
The February Revolution	1917
"Anthem for Doomed Youth"	1917
Order Number 1	1917
War Films: The Battle of the Somme	1916
An Englishwoman in Nigeria	1915
Mussolini on the War's Significance	1914
Austria's Ultimatum	1914
How Ideas Caused the Revolution	1910
Heir to the Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte	1910
The Unconscious	1909
The United States Takes the Philippines	1903
What Is to Be Done?	1902
The Secular Causality of the Reformation	1900
Social Darwinism and Imperialism	1900
Lenin on Imperialism	1900
The White Man's Burden	1899
Zola on the Dreyfus Affair	1898
Herzl's State	1896
The Democratic Aristocracy of Athens	1893
The Imperial Domino Effect	1892
What Is a Nation?	1882
1812 Overture	1882
Hargreaves' Invention of the Spinning Jenny, ca. 1764	1874
History and Getting on with Life	1874
"The Melancholy Winter of 1826-7"	1873
Papal Infallibility Decreed	1870
On Liberty for Women	1869
Russia's Fatherland War	1868
One Thing Leads to Another	1867
Russian Imperial Expansion	1864
The Most Precious Thing for Man	1864
The Discovery of the Modern State and Individual	1859
Romanticizing Peasants	1852
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte	1852
Lessons of the Great Exhibition	1852
De Tocqueville on the Revolution in France	1851
Voices from the Working Classes	1851
Fears of the Foreigner	1851
Public Debate: The Great Exhibition and Free Trade	1851
The Great Exhibition in Epic Terms	1851
Opening Day at the Great Exhibition of 1851	1851
Original Sin, Liberalism, and Socialism	1851
A Voice for the Russian People	1851
Friedrich Wilhelm IV Rejects the Crown of Germany	1849
Desires for National Unification of Italy	1848
Help for Workers	1848
Letter from a Worker in the National Workshops	1848
Popular Conservatism	1848
Herzen on Paris after the June Days	1848
Kossuth's Appeal to Hungarian Nationalists	1848
The Communist Manifesto	1848
Belinsky and Gogol Argue Over Russian Identity	1847
Industrious Activity and Improved Processes in Agriculture	1846
Factory Discipline in Berlin	1844
Alienated Labor	1844
Theology Is Anthropology	1843
Stop Asking "Why?"!	1842
The Conquest of the New World: A 19th Century View	1841
Nationalist Anthems	1840
An Economic Revolution Must Be Attempted	1840
The Economic Benefits of Belgian Railways	1839
"The Course of World History"	1837
Arkwright's Establishment of the Factory System	1835
"The Bronze Horseman"	1833
Young Italy	1831
The Revolutionary Etude	1831
The Purpose of a Historian	1830
Reflections from Exile	1823
Society Does Not Really Need Government	1820
"There Shall Be No Appeal . . ."	1819
And Machines Replace Men . . .	1819
"Certainly No Man Ever Bestowed Such a Gift on His Kind"	1819
Byron's Romanticism	1816
Grimm's Fairy Tales	1812
The Ignorance of the Enlightenment	1808
Napoleon Enacts the Continental System	1806
Napoleonic Indoctrination	1806
Fichte Addresses the German Nation	1806
An Early Look at a Religious War	1802
The Fall of the Serbian Empire	1800
Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony	1800
A Woman's Usefulness	1800
The Religious Consciousness	1799
Too Many Mouths to Feed?	1798
A Description of Napoleon	1797
A Justification of Terror	1794
A Revolutionary Festival	1794
Irish Song Supporting the Ideals of the French Revolution	1792
European Leaders Respond to Revolution	1791
Observing the French Peasantry on the Eve of Revolution	1791
One Woman's Response to the Rights of Man	1791
Letters from a Planter's Family During the Haitian Revolt	1791
The Attempted Dechristianization of France	1790
The Conservative Response from Britain	1790
The Third Estate Is the Nation	1789
Members of the Lower Classes Voice Their Grievances	1789
The French Revolutionaries Declare Their Rights	1789
A Haitian Mulatto Claims Civil and Political Rights	1789
Pain and Pleasure	1789
Will We Ever Grow Up?	1785
State and Religion	1783
My Three Sons	1779
The Thirteen Colonies Declare Independence	1776
Nobles Attempt to Preserve Ancient Privileges	1776
Most Happy and Prosperous	1776
The Benevolent Invisible Hand of Natural Liberty	1776
Goethe's Sorrows	1774
Louis XV Asserts His Absolute Authority Over the Parlements	1766
Voltaire and Catherine the Great	1765
Rousseau Presents His Ideal Form of Government	1762
Forced to Be Free!	1762
Candide	1759
Nature Much Less Cruel than Man	1756
A Just Complaint	1755
The Anti-Machiavel	1750
Montesquieu on the Ideal Form of Government	1748
Frederick the Great Writes Voltaire	1736
The Proper Study of Mankind	1733
"He Has Given Birth to Russia"	1725
The Table of Ranks	1722
Drinking at Peter's Palace	1722
Peter and Serfdom	1721
Reforming the Church	1721
The Spirit of Intolerance	1721
Problems of Succession	1715
Reactions to the Death of Louis XIV	1715
The Spectator and Coffee-House Culture	1711
The Rise of Political Parties	1710
Changes in Appearance	1701
Peter as Antichrist	1700
A jour d'appartement	1700
Peter the Great's Oddities	1700
The World Turned Upside Down	1700
Small Latin and Less Greek	1693
John Locke Defends the Glorious Revolution	1690
The Bill of Rights	1689
An Invitation to William of Orange	1688
Newton's Principles	1687
God's Universe	1687
The Spirit of Tolerance	1686
Louis XIV Rids France of Protestants	1685
Bayle Ridicules Some Superstitions Circulating About Comets	1682
Leeuwenhoek's Observations	1676
Kings Answer to God Alone	1675
His Own Code of Honor	1671
A Challenge to the Existence of Evil	1670
The Best Seller About the Thirty Years' War	1668
Popular Science?	1664
Louis XIV's Advice to His Heir	1661
The Declaration of Breda	1660
Jansenists vs. Jesuits	1656
The Sentence Against Charles I	1649
The Digger's Song	1649
The House of Commons Protests Against Royal Policy	1641
"I Think, Therefore I Am"	1637
Account of the Devastation of the Thirty Years' War	1631
An Englishman's Report on the Thirty Years' War	1630
Circulation of the Blood	1628
Harvey Praises His King and His Collaborators	1628
The Edict of 1626	1626
Richelieu Promotes Kingship	1624
Bacon on the New Science	1620
A Contract for African Slaves, 1614	1614
An Englishman's Perception of Southern Africa, 1613	1613
The Starry Messenger	1610
The First Modern Novel: Cervantes's Don Quixote	1605
Shakespeare and Social Order	1600
Bacon's Reasoning	1600
English Merchants in Moscow, 1598	1598
Skepticism Regarding Witch Hunts	1588
The Jesuit Mission to China	1583
A Massacre of French Protestants	1580
Teresa of Avila Reforms the Carmelite Order	1577
The Theory of Absolutism	1576
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent	1566
Catholics Profess Their Faith Anew, 1564	1564
The English Enter the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1564-1565	1564
Marguerite of Navarre's Heptameron	1558
Peace Between Catholics and Lutherans in Germany	1555
Contemporary Accounts of German Witch Hunts	1550
Vasari's Life of Giotto	1550
Vasari's Life of Michelangelo	1550
Description of Pizarro	1550
Silver at Potosi	1550
Copernicus on the Earth's Revolution	1543
Pope Paul III Sets up the Roman Inquisition	1542
The Oath of the Society of Jesus	1539
The Oratory of Divine Love Seeks Catholic Renewal	1538
Jesuits Respond to a Call for Missionaries	1538
A Papal Condemnation of Slavery, 1537	1537
Calvin Defends the Faithful of France	1536
England Breaks with Rome	1534
The Radical Reformation	1533
Rabelais's Pantagruel, 1532	1532
The Best Offense	1530
Protestant Disunity	1529
Royal Contract for the Conquest of Peru, 1529	1529
A Manual for Gentlemen, 1528	1528
Peasant Grievances in Reformation Germany	1525
An Aztec Lament	1523
The Diet of Worms Condemns Luther	1521
Cortes Describes Aztec Sacrifices, 1521	1521
Sahagún on the Spaniards in Mexico	1520
The First Printed Original Language Bible	1517
Luther's Ninety-Five Theses	1517
The Religious Views of the Utopians	1516
Poking Fun at the Clergy, 1516	1516
Russian Church "Reform": Moscow as "Third Rome"	1515
Machiavelli on the Ancients	1513
Machiavelli Appeals to the Medici to Liberate Italy, 1513	1513
Erasmus: Exemplar of Humanist Values in Scholarship, 1509	1509
Germany's Political Structure on the Eve of the Reformation	1507
A Diplomat's Account of Italy in 1494	1498
Sebastian Brant's Ship of Fools, 1494	1494
Columbus in the New World	1493
Standards for the Torture of Witches	1486
Oration on the Dignity of Man	1486
Pope Pius II Appeals to a Faded Ideal, 1459	1459
European Slaving in West Africa Begins	1453
A Successful Condottiere	1450
The Political Structure of the Republic of Florence, 1439	1439
How to Have a Good Family, 1432	1432
Bruni Defends the Humanities	1431
The City of Ladies, 1405	1405
Life of Petrarch	1400
English as a Literary Language: Chaucer	1385
Prayers Against the Plague	1382
A View of Early Renaissance Society: Piers Plowman	1380
Death and Mourning in the Era of the Black Death	1370
The Fictitious Travels of Sir John Mandeville	1370
The Plague Arrives in France	1359
Petrarch's Love for Writing	1350
The Pope Calls For More Ordinations	1349
The Ordinance of Laborers	1349
The Decameron, 1349	1349
The 1348 Report of the Paris Medical Faculty	1348
Boccaccio Discusses the Plague in Florence, 1348	1348
Contemporary Explanations for the Plague, ca. 1340	1340
Humanist History	1333
The Road to China: A Merchant's Guide	1330
The Arena Chapel, 1305	1305
Dante's Inferno	1300
Petrarch's Africa	1300
Icelandic Justice	1300
The Cult of the Assassins	1290
Marco Polo's Description of China, 1290	1290
A Potential Mongol-French Alliance, 1289	1289
Louis IX Dispenses Justice Under a Tree	1275
The First European Settlement in the Americas, ca. 1000	1270
A Crusader's Letter Home	1249
A Viking Raid Goes Awry	1230
Magna Carta	1215
Regulations of the University of Paris	1215
The Fourth Crusade	1207
An Icelander Gains Royal Favor	1200
Negotiations between Richard I Lionheart and Saladin	1192
Prester John's Letter	1165
Criticism of the Second Crusade, 1147	1147
Reconstruction of St. Denis, ca. 1145	1145
Suger's Poem on Light	1144
King Louis VI Suppresses a Warlord, ca. 1140	1140
Bernard of Clairvaux on Christian Knighthood, ca. 1140	1140
Bernard of Clairvaux on Unnecessary Decoration, 1125	1125
The Song of Roland, ca. 1100	1100
A Victory in the First Crusade, 1098	1100
Pope Urban II Calls for the First Crusade	1095
Prohibition of Lay Investiture	1078
Henry IV's Letter to Gregory VII	1076
Dictatus Papae, 1075	1075
The Church Divides, 1054	1053
The English Resist Viking Raids	991
Making Peace in a Troubled World	990
A Shouting Match in Constantinople, 963	963
A Diplomatic Mission to Constantinople, 949	960
Otto I Defeats the Hungarians	955
A Warrior-Bishop	950
Viking Raids in the Frankish Lands	883
Walafrid Strabo: Carolingian Imperial Tutor	872
Papal Supremacy Declared, 865	865
Surrender of Damascus to the Arabs, 635	850
The Moorish Conquest of Spain	850
Hrabanus Maurus: A Scholar's Poem to a Friend	845
The Strasbourg Oaths	843
Dhuoda's Advice to Her Son	841
Einhard's Life of Charlemagne	820
Byzantine Response to the Loss of Syria and Egypt	813
What Happened at Charlemagne’s Coronation?	801
Alcuin: A Panegyric for an Emperor	790
The Pious Tradition of Images Confirmed	787
An Imperial Land Grant to the Papacy	760
The Eastern Church Rejects Images, 754	754
Poetry from the Years of Conquest	710
Treaty Regulating Christians and Jews under Islam, 637	700
Surrender of Egypt by the Patriarch of Alexandria, 628	675
Heraclius Returns the Cross to Jerusalem	650
A Woman's Lament for Her Brother	636
The Confederation Treaty, 623	623
"The Moralist"	620
The Qur'an: Islam's Revealed Scripture	600
A Lament for Fallen Friends	600
The Achievements of Justinian	560
Empress Theodora and the Nika Insurrection, 532	550
Byzantium Beset by Persians, ca. 550	550
The Law Code of Justinian, ca. 550	550
A Clash of Cultures in Fifth-Century Gaul	460
A Pious Widow of Constantinople	450
The Niceano-Constantinopolitan Creed	381
The Battle of Adrianople	380
The Conversion of Constantine, ca. 340	340
Philosophy in the Age of Alexander: Aristotle's Politics	325
A Reaction to Diocletian's Reforms, ca. 315	315
An African Bishop is Tried and Executed, 258	300
The First Two "Good Emperors"	250
Cannae Revisited	216
From the Age of Gold to the Age of Rust	215
Alexander Writes to the Persian King, Darius	200
Arrian Describes Alexander's Campaigns in India	200
Reflections of the Last "Good Emperor," ca. 170	170
The Social Wars	150
The Foundation of the Flavian Dynasty, A.D. 69	125
Pliny Asks Trajan How He Should Deal with Christians	111
Pericles Gains Support with his Construction Programs	100
Alexander the Great's Habits	100
Alexander's Place in History	100
Fabius Maximus as Dictator	100
The Establishment of the Principate	100
Description of Hannibal	100
Tiberius Gracchus Defies the Senate, 133 B.C.	100
A Roman View of Germany, A.D. 98	98
Happiness, According to a Roman Poet, ca. 95	95
The End of the World? A.D. 79	79
Destruction of the Temple	77
Three Early Sermons	75
An Ethical Plea to the Emperor Nero, ca. A.D. 67	67
Paul on the Spirit and the Law, ca. 55	55
Cicero on Friendship and Faction	43
Slavs and Germans	18
Augustus Lists His Accomplishments, A.D. 14	14
Hannibal's War	10 B.C.
Fabius Maximus Becomes Dictator	10 B.C.
The Battle of Cannae	10 B.C.
Virgil Mythologizes the Origins of the Punic Wars	19 B.C.
Friends and Enemies of the Republic	64 B.C.
Fortune Favored Rome	140 B.C.
The Battle of Ecnomus	140 B.C.
Hannibal's Defeat at Zama	140 B.C.
Diodorus Describes the Macedonian Plunder of Persepolis	331 B.C.
Demosthenes Exhorts Athenians to Resist Alexander	336 B.C.
The Customs of Spartans, ca. 390 B.C.	390 B.C.
Socrates' Apology	399 B.C.
Leonidas and the 300 at Thermopylae	430 B.C.
Differences Between Sparta and Athens	431 B.C.
Archidamus Characterizes the Strengths of Sparta	432 B.C.
Pericles' Funeral Oration to the Athenians, 432 B.C.	432 B.C.
Egyptian Social and Religious Customs	470 B.C.
The Covenant with Abraham	622 B.C.
Yahweh's Covenant with the Hebrews	622 B.C.
The First King of the Israelites	622 B.C.
The House of David	622 B.C.
Psalms and the House of David	622 B.C.
Poetry of Tyrtaeus	640 B.C.
Poetry of Archilochus, a Greek Mercenary	650 B.C.
Hesiod on the Age of Heroes	715 B.C.
The Iliad: Thersites Criticizes the Achaean Leaders	750 B.C.
The Illiad: Achilles and Agamemnon Argue	750 B.C.
The Iliad: Agamemnon Battles the Trojans	750 B.C.
The Iliad: The Rage of Achilles	750 B.C.
The Song of Songs	800 B.C.
Queen Hatshepsut Asserts the Legitimacy of Her Rule	1470 B.C.
Egyptian Medicine and Science	1500 B.C.
The Creation of Mankind	1750 B.C.
The Law Code of Hammurabi	1760 B.C.
Sumerian Schooldays, ca. 1900 B.C.	1900 B.C.
Egyptian Religious Beliefs and the Book of the Dead	2000 B.C.
A Hymn to the Sky-God Enlil, ca. 2000 B.C.	2000 B.C.
The Epic of Gilgamesh	2000 B.C.
Hymn to the Nile, ca. 2100 B.C.	2100 B.C.

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