Unit 11: Changing World Views / European Society
Bayle Ridicules Some Superstitions Circulating About Comets
From Pierre Bayle. Miscellaneous Thoughts on the Comet of 1680. As reproduced in The Great Contest of Faith and Reason: Selections from the Writings of Pierre Bayle, trans. Karl C. Sandberg, ed. Karl C. Sandberg (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1963), 2.
Everyday I hear people reasoning upon the nature of comets, and although I am an astronomer neither in name nor in fact, I study carefully everything written on the subject by those who are the most capable. Still I must confess to you that I am convinced by none of their arguments except those against the popular error that comets threaten the world with a host of desolations.

I am therefore all the more at a loss to understand how . . . a learned person . . . could be wept along with the flood with everyone else, imagining that comets appear as heralds sent to proclaim that God has declared war on the human race. . . . [Even] if for no more reason than [that the return of a comet can be predicted, it is evident] that comets are not signs or wonders which follow no fixed rule, but rather bodies subject to the ordinary laws of nature. . . . [When] I see a scholar who . . . ought to nourish his mind only upon pure reason, I cannot approve of his holding such poorly substantiated opinions [as that comets are omens] and being satisfied with the reasons offered by tradition, poets, and historians [for such erroneous views].

It is not possible to have a sorrier foundation for one's argument [than the words of poets, who] are so intent upon strewing pompous descriptions throughout their works, such as tales of wonders and [of the] marvelous adventures of their heroes, that to accompolish their purposes they imagine a thousand astonishing incidents. Thus, far from believing upon their word that the overthrow of the Roman Republic was caused [or even accompanied] by [the appearance of] two or three comets, I would not even believe that comets appeared at that time unless someone else so testified. After all, we must admit that a man who has taken it into his head to write a poem has gained control, as it were, over all the workings of nature. The heavens and the earth do not move except by his command; eclipses or shipwrecks appear if he sees fit; all of the elements are moved about according to his convenience. We see armies in the air and monsters on the earth in as great a number as he wishes; the angels and the devils make their appearance every time that he so ordains; even the gods, mounted on machines, hold themselves in readiness to satisfy his needs, and as he has a special need of comets because of the popular misconception concerning them, he seizes upon ready-made comets which he finds in histories; and if he does not find them there, he manufactures them himself and lends to them the color and aspect most likely to show that heaven has taken a very distinguished interest in the business at hand. After that, who would not laugh at the spectacle of a throng of intelligent people trying to prove the malignity of these new comets by nothing more than the writings of Virgil, Claudius, and other poets of antiquity . . . [?]


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