NBC chimes

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The NBC chimes of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) radio network in the United States was/were the first ever audio trademark (and the first service mark of any kind, in as much as it denotes a non-tangible form of commerce) to be accepted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. It consists of a succession of three distinct pitches: G3, E4, and C4 (middle C), sounded in that order, creating an arpeggiated C-major chord in the second inversion, within about two seconds time, and reverberating for another two or three seconds. The intervals of this progression are up a major 6th from G3 to E4 and down a major third from E4 to C4.

1 An elegant solution: the station break
2 History
3 The chimes go modern
4 The chimes in news music
5 The "Fourth Chime"
6 Trivia
7 External links

[edit] An elegant solution: the station break

The chimes were originally conceived to help solve a problem inherent in early network radio broadcasting, the vast majority of which was live, rather than pre-recorded. At the top of each hour, any individual broadcaster (on radio, TV or other broadcast band) must identify themselves by callsign and the name of the community where its broadcast license has been issued, in compliance with FCC regulations. For example: "This is KYW-TV, Philadelphia." Therefore it might seem efficient for a small radio network (three to seven stations, for instance) to accomplish this chore by having a single announcer "on the network", whose voice is transmitted to all the local stations, read the short list of local callsigns and corresponding communities for about ten seconds each hour, during an extended broadcast period. However, this practice becomes quite inefficient as a network grows, consuming valuable commercial airtime [1]. Hence it was determined in early big-network radio days that this job, among others, had to be done locally, on a pre-determined cue from the network itself.

The simplest way to accomplish this is with a spoken announcement (sometimes called an outcue), and its special format has a familiar ring. For instance: "We pause now for ten seconds for station identification: this is the NBC Television Network". This phrasing alerts a local announcer to put him/herself on the air and formally identify the local station. The Today Show, broadcast for four hours live every weekday on NBC, uses a special spoken outcue for station breaks: "This is Today on NBC." Indeed, as a public relations technique, this task is often offered to a member of the live audience assembled in Rockefeller Plaza outside the Today studio. For the network pioneers at NBC in the late 1920s, a more simple, elegant and consistent solution than an announcer's voice, with its individual distinctiveness, was sought. Essentially, NBC wished to brand itself in sound, a sound that any listener would immediately recognize.

[edit] History

The chimes came to their familiar configuration and sound after several years of on-air development. They were first broadcast over NBC's Red and Blue networks on November 29, 1929. However, there are disagreements about the original source of the idea. One possibility is that they came from WSB in Atlanta which used it for its own purposes until one day someone at NBC headquarters in New York City heard the WSB version of the notes during a networked broadcast of a Georgia Tech football game and asked permission to use it on the national network. NBC started to use the three notes in 1931.

The NBC chimes were mechanized in 1932 with a unit invented by Richard H. Ranger, a former Radio Corporation of America (RCA) engineer who also invented an early form of the modern fax machine. The NBC chime machine generated the notes by means of finely tuned metal reeds that were plucked by fingers on a revolving drum, much like a music box.

The technical purpose of the mechanical chimes was to send a low level audio signal of constant amplitude that would be heard by the various switching stations manned by NBC and AT&T engineers, but not disturb the listening audience. This would serve as the system cue for switching the myriad local stations between the NBC Red network and NBC Blue network feeds as scheduled, as well as signalling the pause for local station identification immediately thereafter. In essence, it was the audio equivalent of a traffic signal. Because of fears of offending commercial sponsors by cutting their live network programs off in mid-sentence, the mechanized chimes were always rung by an announcer pushing a button in conjunction with the program’s conclusion; they were never set to an automatic timer, although heavy discussions on the subject were held between the Engineering and Programming departments throughout the 1930s and 1940s.

On November 20, 1947, NBC filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to make the chimes a registered service mark for identification of radio broadcasting services, the first such audible service mark to be filed with that office. Registration was granted on April 4, 1950; the registration number was 0523616, serial number 71541873. This registration expired on November 3, 1992, as NBC Radio became part of broadcasting history. However a separate service mark registration was made in 1971 for identification of television broadcasting services (serial 72349496, registration 0916522) and this is still active.

[edit] The chimes go modern

Their use as a formal network communications signal ended around 1971, the result of automation. Television flagship WNBC in New York kept the sound of the chimes alive, though. In 1974, it incorporated the sequence into the opening of its synthesized theme music for NewsCenter 4 (sharpening the pitch by a half-step). The stinger was heard at the opens to the newscasts' 5, 6 and 11 p.m. hours. Eventually, NBC Radio adopted WNBC-TV's NewsCenter 4 stinger as its top-of-the-hour news sounder. With alterations (and a brief interruption in the early 1990s), WNBC has used a form of the chimes on its newscasts ever since.

In 1976, the chimes were revived nationally in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the network. Modern musical versions of the three-note chimes are still in popular use on the NBC radio and television networks (and are the opening and closing notes of the current edition of the NBC Nightly News theme song), as well as in the closing logo of NBC Universal Television Studio, the TV production arm of NBC's current immediate parent, NBC Universal.

From 1982 to the early 1990s, most NBC voiceover promos at the end of network shows would begin with the chimes. From 1982 to 1987, the chimes would blend into an instrumental version of the promo slogan that NBC would be using at the time.

The Today Show made the chimes the centerpiece of its theme in 1980, resolving a legal dispute between the network and the composers of the musical Godspell. The musical composers felt that the Ray Ellis-penned closing theme Today used since 1972 (which was also the show's opening theme since 1976) was lifted from the classic Godspell song "Day by Day." Using the chimes as his template, Ellis composed a new theme song, which stuck.

Although Today has used a segment from John Williams' NBC News music package The Mission since 1985, Ellis's revised composition has been used on and off during portions of Today ever since.

[edit] The chimes in news music

Many composers have used the NBC chimes as their signature for their news packages, many of which were made exclusively for NBC stations. A few examples include:

[edit] The "Fourth Chime"

A variant sequence was also used that went G-E-C-C, and was known as "the fourth chime". According to an NBC Interdepartment Correspondence memo, dated April 7, 1933 documents the conception and initial purpose of the fourth chime. The memo states, "In anticipation of the Spring and Summer months, when many in key positions will not always be available at home telephones, the following Emergency Call System will go into effect on Monday morning, April 16th." The memo goes on to say that whenever a fourth tone is heard on the network chimes rung at fifteen minute intervals, it will indicate that someone on an attached list is wanted. Upon hearing this fourth chime, all personnel on the list are instructed to call in to the PBX operator to ascertain whether or not the Emergency Call is for them. The chime would continue at fifteen minute intervals over stations WEAF and WJZ until the wanted person communicated with the PBX operator. The list contained the names of the following NBC executives:

John F. Royal
John W. Elwood
Frank Mason
J de Jara Almonte

The list also included names of personnel from Engineering, Press, Programming, Traffic, and Service departments.

The "fourth chime" was also used to notify affiliates and their employees of pending urgent programming. This variant saw such use during wartime (especially in the wake of the Pearl Harbor bombing) and other disasters, most notably the destruction of The Hindenburg in 1937. According to NBC historians, the last official use of the "fourth chime" was in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II. However, according to a handwritten note appended to an NBC internal memo originally dated 1964 on the history and usage of the standard chime, this chime variant was used one final time in 1985 to symbolize the merger with GE. At the same time, no recording of this use has been discovered by researchers, and those working for NBC affiliates at the time have no recollection of the event.

[edit] Trivia

MSNBC, the cable news counterpart of NBC and MSN, uses a five-chime sequence during bumper logo title cards between shows, with the G-E-C notes the final three.

G-E-C are also the initials of the General Electric Company, who runs NBC.
- Despite an urban legend, the three note combination of G-E-C was not related at all to RCA's original stockholder (which became NBC's parent after it bought RCA in 1986 and is still its ultimate parent), the General Electric Company.

A theme by Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) begins with the identical sequence of pitches, albeit 2 octaves higher.[2]

The G-E-C theme also appears in the score of a fictional violin concerto within the postmodern novel Cadenza for the Schneidermann Violin Concerto by Joshua Cohen.

The chimes can be heard at the beginning of the song "No Reply" by Boston hardcore punk band SSD.

The chimes can actually be heard in Warner Bros.' Bedtime for Sniffles short, on Snffles' radio.

A synthesized tune that sounds similar to the chimes could be heard in the 1980s logo for WJCT, the PBS affiliate in Jacksonville, Florida. The notes go G-E-E-C, close to the G-E-C-C used in the original four-note version in 1933.