Baltimore, Maryland

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City of Baltimore, Maryland
Flag Seal
Nickname: Monument City, Charm City,[1] Mob Town,[2][3] B-more
Motto: "The Greatest City in America",[4] "Get in on it."[5] (formerly "The City That Reads")
Location of Baltimore in Maryland
Coordinates: 39°17′11″N 76°36′54″W / 39.28639, -76.615
Country	United States
State	Maryland
County	Independent City
Founded	1729
Incorporated	1797
Government
- Mayor	Sheila Dixon (D)
Area
- City	92.1 sq mi (238.5 km²)
- Land	80.8 sq mi (209.3 km²)
- Water	11.3 sq mi (29.2 km²)
Elevation	33 ft (10 m)
Population (2006)[6]
- City	631,366
- Density	7,871/sq mi (3,039/km²)
- Urban	2,178,000
- Metro	2,639,213
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Website: www.baltimorecity.gov

Baltimore is an independent city located in the state of Maryland in the United States of America. As of 2006, the population of Baltimore City was 631,366.^[6] The city is a major U.S. seaport, situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Once an industrial town with an economic base in manufacturing, Baltimore's economy has now shifted primarily to a service sector-oriented, with its largest employer no longer Bethlehem Steel but Johns Hopkins University and The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

The Baltimore Metropolitan Area, which includes the city's surrounding suburbs, has approximately 2.6 million residents. Baltimore is also part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area (CMSA) of approximately 8.1 million residents. Baltimore is the largest city in Maryland, and its metropolitan area is the 19th largest in the country.

The city is named after the founding proprietor of the Maryland Colony, Lord Baltimore in the Irish House of Lords. Baltimore himself took his title from Baltimore in County Longford in Ireland, which is the English transliteration of the Irish language Baile an Tí Mhoir, or "Home of The Big House".^[7] Baltimore became the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States during the 1800s.

Because there is also a Baltimore County surrounding (but not including) the city, it is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City when a clear distinction is desired.

Contents 1 History 2 Law and government 2.1 Mayor 2.2 Baltimore City Council 2.3 State Government 2.4 Federal Government 2.5 Crime 3 Culture 4 Architecture 5 Geography and climate 5.1 Geography 5.2 Neighborhoods 5.3 Climate 6 Transportation 6.1 Highway Network 6.2 Passenger rail 6.3 Public transit 6.4 Airports 6.5 Port of Baltimore 7 Demographics 8 Economy 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.1.1 Private 9.1.2 Public 9.2 Primary and secondary schools 9.2.1 Private schools 9.2.2 Parochial schools 10 Media 10.1 Newspapers 10.2 Television 10.3 Radio 11 Museums and attractions 12 Sports teams 12.1 Defunct (or moved) sports teams 12.1.1 Baseball 12.1.2 Football 12.1.3 Basketball 12.1.4 Soccer 12.1.5 Hockey 12.1.6 Lacrosse 13 Sister cities 14 Baltimore in fiction 15 See also 16 References 17 External links

[edit] History

During the 17th century, various towns called "Baltimore" were founded as commercial ports at various locations on the upper Chesapeake Bay. The Maryland colonial General Assembly created the port (at Locust Point) in 1706 as a tobacco port of entry. The present city dates from July 30, 1729, and is named after Lord Baltimore, who was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Baltimore grew swiftly in the mid- to late 18th century as a granary for sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane and the importation of food. Baltimore's shorter distance from the Caribbean, compared to other large port cities such as New York City and Boston, reduced transportation time and minimized the spoilage of flour.

Baltimore played a key part in events leading to and including the American Revolution. City leaders such as Jonathan Plowman Jr. moved the city to join the resistance to British taxation. Baltimore joined other cities in protesting Boston's punishment by the British by banding together the merchants to sign agreements to not import from or export to Britain. Dr. John Stevenson and Jonathan Plowman Jr. made Baltimore a center for importation of indentured servants from England during the 1750s and 60's. Baltimore in 1773 was also the place where a Customs officer Robert Moreton was chased out of town for trying to seize the ship Speedwell and its cargo. The story is that Mr. Moreton had ordered the captain to wait on offloading till after he came back. The merchants demanded their cargo and started off loading. When Mr. Moreton returned he declared the ship seized and went to Annapolis to file the paperwork. Upon his return the local merchants chased him and tarred and feathered two men who worked for him. Fearing for his life he first fled to Annapolis and later to Boston.

During the War of 1812, the British declared Baltimore a "nest of Pirates."^[8] The city's Fort McHenry came under attack by British forces near the harbor after the British had burned Washington, D.C. Known today as the Battle of Baltimore, American forces won by repulsing joint land and naval attacks.

When the British landed at Sparrows Point, the local residents took up arms and when they had run out of ammunition, they threw pots, pans and anything they could get hold of at the British. They fought to a stalemate at the Battle of North Point after killing the British commander General Ross, who had said upon landing, "We will win this battle or I eat dinner in hell tonight".^{[citation needed]} British reinforcements were not possible thereafter, and their forces subsequently withdrew. The naval engagement inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem "The Star-Spangled Banner," the lyrics to the United States' national anthem. The battle was memorialized in the Battle Monument, which is on the city seal.

In the years that followed, Baltimore's population grew explosively, due to increased commerce not only abroad but more importantly with points west in the interior of the United States. The construction of the federally funded National Road, now Pulaski Highway, also known as U.S. Route 40 and the privately funded Baltimore & Ohio Railroad made Baltimore a major shipping and manufacturing center. As fortunes were made, the city's distinctive local culture started taking shape, and it started to develop a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments. On an 1827 visit to the city, John Quincy Adams purportedly nicknamed it "Monument City"--a moniker that remained popular for well over a century.

Baltimore became an independent city in 1851, being separated from Baltimore County at that time.

Though it was a slave-holding state, Maryland did not secede but remained part of the Union during the Civil War. Slavery was outlawed in Maryland by the state Constitution of 1864. Pro-Southern sentiment led to the Baltimore riot of 1861, when Union soldiers marched through the city. After the riot, Union troops occupied Baltimore, and Maryland came under direct federal administration — in part, to prevent the state from seceding — until the end of the war in April 1865. This was considered a necessary move by the Union to prevent Washington, D.C., from being completely surrounded by seceded Confederate territory. The case Ex parte Merryman, written by Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney (himself a Marylander), dealt with the habeas corpus rights of Marylanders jailed by the Abraham Lincoln Administration and strongly rebuked Lincoln for his actions.

The Great Baltimore Fire on February 7, 1904, destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours and forced most of the city to rebuild. Immediately afterward, Mayor Robert McLane was quoted in the Baltimore News as saying, "To suppose that the spirit of our people will not rise to the occasion is to suppose that our people are not genuine Americans. We shall make the fire of 1904 a landmark not of decline but of progress." He then refused assistance, stating "As head of this municipality, I cannot help but feel gratified by the sympathy and the offers of practical assistance which have been tendered to us. To them I have in general terms replied, 'Baltimore will take care of its own, thank you.'" (McLane committed suicide on May 30.) Two years later, on September 10, 1906, the Baltimore-American reported that the city had risen from the ashes and "one of the great disasters of modern time had been converted into a blessing."

Baltimore's population peaked at 949,708 in the 1950 Census, which ranked it as the sixth-largest city in the country, behind Detroit, and ahead of Cleveland. For the next five decades, the city's population declined while its suburbs grew dramatically, bottoming out in 2000 at 636,251. In the 21st century, the city's population has stabilized and is again rising, mostly due to revitalization efforts in many city neighborhoods. The mid-July 2004 Census estimate was 641,943.^[9]

In recent years, efforts to redevelop the downtown area have led to a revitalization of the Inner Harbor. Up until the late 1970s, the harbor had been merely abandoned warehouses full of rats and rotting piers. In Baltimore's early days, the harbor was the landing destination for boats and ships bringing cargo such as bananas, sugar, cocoa, and the like from all over the world. The Baltimore Convention Center was opened in 1979 and was renovated and expanded in 1996. Harborplace, a modern urban retail and restaurant complex, was opened on the waterfront in 1980, followed by the National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland's largest tourist destination, and another cultural venue, the Baltimore Museum of Industry in 1981. In 1992, the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball moved from Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards downtown, and six years later the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League moved next door into PSINet Stadium (later renamed M&T Bank Stadium following PSINet's bankruptcy).

On October 2, 1996, Baltimore became the first city in the United States to adopt 311 as a non-emergency "hot line" telephone number, in order to reserve the use of 911 for genuine emergencies. The concept has been highly successful, and numerous other American municipalities have since implemented the practice.

In 2003, the Baltimore Development Corporation announced that three hotel projects were being reviewed. As of September 2006, the 756-room, $305 million Hilton hotel project is currently under construction west of the Baltimore Convention Center. The City of Baltimore hopes to have it finished and opened by August 2008. (See Baltimore Convention Center Hotel Project for more details regarding the convention center hotel.)

Also in 2003, Baltimore was affected by Hurricane Isabel from flooding as a result of tidal surge, affecting primarily the Fells Point community and the Inner Harbor and surrounding low areas. Many places were flooded, including the sports center ESPN Zone, the Baltimore World Trade Center (which remained closed for approximately a month during cleanup efforts), and most of the Inner Harbor. Water levels rose some 20 feet in areas, flooding underground parking garages and displacing thousands of cubic yards of trash and debris.

Beginning in the early part of the 21st century, Baltimore has undergone a major building spree in the downtown area, specifically in the Inner Harbor East district. The skyline has extended and will continue to do so well into the next decade. ARC Wheeler, a Philadelphia-based developer has been approved to build a new hotel/condominium complex that will be the city's new tallest building, dubbed "10 Inner Harbor," approved at 60 stories and over 700ft tall. Other proposals for downtown skyscrapers are twin 65-story towers at sites on E. Saratoga Street and Guilford Avenue, an 800ft.+ tower and complex located on the banks of the Patapsco River's middle branch area, and a 40-story condo and hotel tower at 300 E. Pratt Street.

On January 17, 2007, Sheila Dixon became the first woman to hold the office of Mayor of Baltimore.^[10] The city's charter states that if the Mayor resigns, as Martin O'Malley did that day to become Governor of Maryland, the President of the City Council shall assume the remainder of the term.^[11] Thus, Dixon will be mayor at least through December 2007. The primary election scheduled for September 11, 2007, will most likely determine who will be the next elected Mayor of Baltimore, and Dixon's name is expected to be on the ballot.^[12]

[edit] Law and government

Baltimore is an independent city — not part of any county. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a "county"-level entity. The United States Census Bureau uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes.

Baltimore has been a Democratic stronghold for over 150 years, with Democrats dominating every level of government.

[edit] Mayor

For a full list of mayors that served the city, see List of Baltimore Mayors.

In November of 2006, Martin O'Malley, who had been mayor since 1999, was elected Governor of Maryland. He took office on January 17, 2007. Per the city's charter, City Council President Sheila Dixon, will finish out the last year of O'Malley's second term. Dixon announced on June 12, 2007 that she will run for a full term in the 2007 election, but many other prominent city political figures are also interested in entering the race.^[13]

[edit] Baltimore City Council

Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as Question P, restructured the city council in November of 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by ACORN, backed the effort.

The Baltimore City Council is now made up of 14 single member districts and one elected at-large council president. Stephanie Rawlings Blake is the council's president and Robert W. Curran is the Vice President.

[edit] State Government

Prior to 1969 some considered Baltimore and its suburbs to be particularly underrepresented in the Maryland General Assembly, while rural areas were heavily overrepresented. Since Baker v. Carr in 1962, Baltimore and its suburbs account for a substantial majority of seats in the state legislature; this has caused some to argue that rural areas are now underrepresented.

Today, most of the state's highest elected officials come from both the Baltimore area and the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.

Baltimore's steady loss of population has resulted in a loss of seats in the Maryland General Assembly. Since 1980, Baltimore has lost 4 senators in the 47 member state senate and 12 delegates in the 141 member state house of delegates.

[edit] Federal Government

Three of the state's eight congressional districts include portions of Baltimore--the 2nd, represented by Dutch Ruppersberger; the 3rd, represented by John Sarbanes; and the 7th, represented by Elijah Cummings. All three are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Baltimore in decades, and has not represented any of Baltimore since 2003.

Both of Maryland's Senators, Ben Cardin and Barbara Mikulski, are from Baltimore. Coincidentally, both represented the 3rd District before being elected to the Senate. Mikulski represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987, and was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until his election and inauguration to the Senate in 2007.

[edit] Crime

CNN/Morgan Quitno "Most Dangerous City" Rankings (2007) ranks Baltimore as the 12^th most dangerous American city.^[14] Baltimore is second only to Detroit among cities with a population over 500,000.^[15]

According to crime statistics there were 269 homicides in Baltimore in 2005,^[16] giving it the highest homicide rate per 100,000 of all U.S. cities of 250,000 or more population. ^[15] Though this is significantly lower than the record-high 353 homicides in 1993, the homicide rate in Baltimore is nearly seven times the national rate, six times the rate of New York City, and three times the rate of Los Angeles. In addition, other categories of crime in Baltimore have also been declining, although overall crime rates are still high compared to the national average. The rate of forcible rapes has fallen below the national average in recent years; however, Baltimore still has much higher-than-average rates of aggravated assault, burglary, robbery, and theft.^[17]

Though the crime situation in Baltimore is considered one of the worst in the nation, city officials have pointed out that most violent crimes, particularly homicides, are committed by people who know their victims and who are often associated with the illegal drug trade.^[18]

City officials have, however, come under scrutiny from Maryland legislators regarding the veracity of crime statistics reported by the Baltimore City Police Department.^[19] For 2003 the FBI identified irregularities in the number of rapes reported, which was confirmed by the Mayor. 2005's homicide numbers appeared to exhibit discrepancies as well^[20] The former Commissioner of Police stated upon interview that the administration suppressed corrections of its reported crime.^[21] However, many of these charges seem to be, at least partially, politically motivated.^[22] Nonetheless, experts indicate that the city's reporting practices merit an independent audit, with which the administration has not cooperated, despite requests from members of City Council and the City's auditor.^[23] While racial disparities in arrest and incarceration rates exist in Baltimore, both young white and black men in the city are arrested and incarcerated at relatively high rates. Fifty-two percent of black males in their 20s are either in prison, in jail, or under correctional supervision.^[24]

At the same time however, a largely African American police force and correctional officer staff is present. Currently the department is administered by Commissioner Leonard D. Hamm, and Deputy Commissioner Errol L. Dutton, both of whom are African American and Deputy Commissioner Frederick H. Bealfeld III., who is white. During Martin O'Malley's administration as mayor, the department had become 43% African American.^[25]

The ACLU has filed a suit in respect of systematic civil rights abuses by the current administration.^[26] While police officials and their detractors disagree about exact figures, it is nonetheless clear that approximately 25% of the roughly 100,000 arrests each year are made in the absence of a chargeable offense ^[27].

Criminal intimidation has also been reported as a problem in the city.^[28] In an infamous case, community activist Angela Dawson and her family were murdered by firebomb in their Baltimore home on October 16, 2002, in retaliation for Dawson's reporting of criminal activity. In a separate incident, another public safety activist, Edna McAbier, was also targeted.^[29] Though she survived, she has fled her neighborhood, where she cannot be protected by city police.^[30] In 2005, 3 men were sentenced to life in prison for their involvement in the latter case.^[31] One of these men had appeared in the infamous video Stop Snitchin', a homemade DVD produced by local drug dealers threatening fellow dealers who failed to adhere to a street based code of ethics and became informants.

In April of 2002, the City of Baltimore unveiled a Baltimore Believe advertising campaign against drug trafficking, drug violence, and drug use in the city. The campaign has sought thousands of signatures for its Declaration of Independence from Drugs.^[32] Associated signs on city vehicles and buildings state simply "BELIEVE".

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Baltimore

Despite the city's fame for its high crime rate (a reputation arguably fanned by such Baltimore-based TV series as Homicide: Life on the Street, The Corner, and The Wire), Baltimore nevertheless retains a distinctive local culture and social flavor. Historically a working-class port town, Baltimore has sometimes been dubbed a "city of neighborhoods," with over 300 identified districts^[33] traditionally occupied by distinct ethnic groups. Most notable today are three downtown areas along the port: the Inner Harbor, frequented by tourists due to its hotels, shops, and museums; Fells Point, once a favorite entertainment spot for sailors but now refurbished and gentrified (and featured in the movie Sleepless in Seattle); and Little Italy, located between the other two, where Baltimore's Italian-American community was based–and where current U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi grew up. Further inland, Mt. Vernon is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city; it is home to a distinctive Washington Monument, set atop a hill in a 19th century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades.

The traditional local accent has long been noted and celebrated as "Baltimorese" or "Bawlmorese." One thing outsiders quickly notice is that the locals refer to their city as "Bawlmer" or "Ballmer," dropping with the "t" for the most part. The dialect is similar to that of most Marylanders and many Pennsylvanians; it may reflect the region's roots in Cornwall and the English West Country, as many of the original settlers of the Chesapeake Bay area came from this area in colonial times. (Traditionally, Marylanders call their state "Merlin"--and likewise, many Pennsylvanians call their state "Pennsavania," dropping the "l".) However, Baltimore's local accent also reflects the rich mix of ethnic groups from Ireland, Germany, and southern and eastern Europe who immigrated to the city during the industrial era. (For a more in-depth discussion of the Maryland dialect, click the "Culture of Baltimore" link above.)

As Baltimore's demographics have changed since World War Two, its cultural flavor and accents have evolved as well. Today, after decades of out-migration to suburbs beyond its corporate limits and significant in-migration of African-Americans from Georgia and the Carolinas, Baltimore has become a majority African-American city with a significantly changed, but still regionally distinctive, dialect and culture. Recently, neighborhoods such as Federal Hill and Canton have undergone extensive gentrification and have proven to be popular places for young professionals and college students to reside. In addition, new immigrants from Latin America are making their mark, notably in neighborhoods near Fells Point.

Much of Baltimore's African-American culture has roots that long predate the 20th-century "Great Migration" from the Deep South. Like Atlanta, Georgia and Washington, D.C., Baltimore has been home to a successful African-American middle class and professional community for centuries. Before the Civil War, Baltimore had one of the largest concentrations of free African-Americans among American cities. In the twentieth century, Baltimore-born Thurgood Marshall became the first African-American justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Baltimore's culture has been famously celebrated in the movies of Barry Levinson, who grew up in the city's Jewish neighborhoods. His movies Diner, Tin Men, Avalon, and Liberty Heights are inspired to varying degrees by his life in the city.

[edit] Architecture

Baltimore possesses samples from every period of architecture for over two centuries, and work from many famous architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, John Russell Pope, Mies Van Der Rohe and I.M. Pei.

The city has architecturally important buildings in a variety of styles. The Baltimore Basilica (1806-1821) is a classical design by Benjamin Latrobe and also the oldest Catholic Cathedral in the United States. In 1813 Robert Cary Long, Sr. built for Rembrandt Peale the first substantial structure in the United States designed expressly as a museum. Restored, it is now the Municipal Museum of Baltimore, or popularly the “Peale Museum”.The McKim Free School founded and endowed by John McKim, although the building was erected by his son Isaac in 1822 after a design by William Howard and William Small. It reflects the popular interest in Greece when the nation was securing its independence, as well as a scholarly interest in recently published drawings of Athenian antiquities.The Phoenix Shot Tower (1828), at 215 feet tall, was the tallest building in the United States until the time of the Civil war. It was constructed without the use of scaffolding. The Sun Iron Building designed by R.C. Hatfield in 1851, was city’s first iron-front building and it was a model for a whole generation of downtown buildings. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, designed by Lt. Col. John S. Billings in 1876 was a considerable achievement for its day in functional arrangement and fire proofing.

I.M.Pei's World Trade Center (1977) is the tallest equilateral pentagonal building in the world at 405 feet tall.

The most recognizable figure in the city's skyline is the art deco design of the Bank of America Building (1924) [1]. It was the tallest skyscraper in the city at 509 feet tall until 1973 when the Legg Mason Building was completed at a height of 529 feet. The eight-sided Charles Center Office Tower [2] and the Highfield House Condominium [3] are the only structures of Mies Van Der Rohe's design in the city of Baltimore.

Future contributions to Baltimore's skyline include plans for a 717 foot tall structure known as "10 Inner Harbor". The building was recently approved by Baltimore's design panel and will be completed around the year 2010. It will include luxury condominiums, a hotel, restaurants, and shopping centers.

The streets of Baltimore are organized in a grid pattern. The streets are lined with tens of thousands of brick faced rowhouses. Many consider the rowhouse the architectural form most closely associated to the city. Some rowhouses are dated as far back as the 1790s.

Oriole Park at Camden Yards is considered by many to be the most beautiful ball park in Major League Baseball, and has inspired many other cities to build their own versions of this Retro-Style Ballpark.

Camden Yards along with the National Aquarium have helped revive the Inner Harbor from what once was an Industrial zone full of dilapidated warehouses, into a bustling commercial district full of bars, restaurants and retail establishments.

[edit] Geography and climate

[edit] Geography

Baltimore is in the north central part of the state of Maryland, on the Patapsco River, not far from the Chesapeake Bay. The city sits on the fall line of the Piedmont Plateau where it meets the western edge of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Low hills rise on the western and northern parts of the city. Baltimore's City Hall lies approximately 34 feet above sea level, with elevations in the city ranging from sea level to over 400 feet. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 238.5 km² (92.1 mi²). 209.3 km² (80.8 mi²) of it is land and 29.2 km² (11.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.240 percent water.

Baltimore's climate supports the presence of many trees. Hundreds of species of trees thrive here and can be spotted throughout the city, including white oak, southern live oak, maple. bradford pear, poplar, southern magnolia, crape myrtle, and even some hardy palms. The city lies mostly in Plant Hardiness Zone 8, with a small portion of the northern and western city in zone 7[4].

The Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area is the 4th largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States, with an estimated population of 8,052,496. The Baltimore-Towson Metropolitan Statistical Area is the 19th largest MSA, with a population of 2,655,675.

[edit] Neighborhoods

Further information: List of Baltimore neighborhoods

Baltimore is divided into nine geographical regions-Northern, Northwestern, Northeastern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, Southwestern, and Southeastern all patrolled by a respective Baltimore Police Department district. However, it is not uncommon for locals to divide the city simply by East or West Baltimore, using Charles Street, I-83 and the Downtown area as dividing lines.

The Central region of the city is the Downtown area and location of Baltimore's main commercial area. Home to Harborplace, The Camden Yards Sports Complex (Oriole Park at Camden Yards and M&T Bank Stadium), the Convention Center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore, the area also includes many nightclubs bars and restaurants, shopping centers and other attractions. It is also serves as the home to many of Baltimore's key business such as Legg Mason. The area has, especially in the downtown core, has mainly served as commercial district with limited residential opportunities. However since 2002 the population in the downtown has doubled to 10,000 residents with a projection of 7,400 additional housing units coming available by 2012^[34].

The Northern region of the city lies directly north of downtown and is bounded on the East by The Alameda and on the West by Pimlico Road is a suburban residential area home to many of the city's upper class residents in neighborhoods such as the Roland Park-Homewood-Guilford area. The Northern region is home to many of Baltimore's notable universities such as Loyola College and Johns Hopkins University.

The Southern Region of the city, a mixed industrial and residential area, consists primarily of the area of the city below the Inner Harbor east of the B&O railroad tracks. It is a mixed socio-economic region comprised of working class ethnically mixed neighborhoods such as Locust Point; the now upscale Federal Hill and Canton areas, home to many working professionals, pubs and restaurants; and low-income residential areas prone to crime and drugs such as Cherry Hill.

The Eastern part of the city consists of the Northeastern, Eastern, and Southeastern regions of the city. Northeastern Baltimore is primarily a residential neighborhood home to Morgan State University bounded by the city line on its Northern and Eastern boundaries, Sinclair Lane, Erdman Avenue, and Pulaski Highway on its southern boundaries and The Alameda on its western boundaries. It has undergone demographic shifts over many years and remains a diverse but predominantly African American region of the city. The Eastern region is the heart of what is considered "East Baltimore" and is home to Johns Hopkins Hospital. Located below Erdman Avenue and Sinclair Lane above Orleans Street, it is almost an exclusively African American area home to low-income residential neighborhoods, several of which constitute as many of Baltimore's high crime areas. The Southeastern region of the city located below Orleans Street bordering the Inner Harbor on its western boundary and the city line on its eastern boundaries and the Baltimore harbor on its southern boundaries is a mixed industrial and residential area. Home to many young professionals and working class people, It is an ethnically rich section of Baltimore home to many Polish Americans, Greek Americans, Italian Americans, African Americans and is also the center of the city's steadily growing Hispanic population.

The Western part of the city consists of the Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern regions of Baltimore. The Northwestern region of the city bounded by the county line on its northern and western boundaries, Gwynns Falls Parkway on the south and Pimlico Road on the East is a predominantly residential area home to Pimlico Race Course, Sinai Hospital and several of Baltimore's Synagogues. Once the center of Baltimore's Jewish community, it has undergone white flight since the 1960s and has became an almost exclusively African American area. It is home to many suburban residential areas primarily located above Northern Parkway and several lower-income areas below Northern parkway. The Western region of the city located west of downtown is the heart of "West Baltimore" bounded by Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue, and Baltimore Street. Home to Coppin State University and Pennsylvania Avenue, it has been the center of Baltimore's African American culture for years home to many of the city's historical African American neighborhoods and landmarks. Once home to many middle to upper class African Americans, over the years, the more affluent African American residents have since left migrating to other sections of the city in addition to areas such as Randallstown and Owings Mills in Baltimore County and Columbia in Howard County. The area now constitutes a deprived socio-economic group of African American residents and like "East Baltimore", it is known for its high crime rates. Many of the television series concerning Baltimore's crime problems have been based off of events that have taken place in West Baltimore. The Southwestern region of the city is bounded by Baltimore County to the west, Baltimore Street to the north, and downtown and the B&O railroad to the east. A mixed industrial and residential area, it has been inhabited by several lower income and working class residents over its years that have gradually shifted from a predominantly White to a predominantly African American majority.

[edit] Climate

Baltimore has a humid subtropical climate, according to the Köppen classification, with moderating influence from its relative proximity to the ocean. It gets relatively hot, humid summers and cool, moist winters.

July is typically the hottest month of the year, with an average high temperature of 91°F (33°C) and an average low of 73°F (23°C). Summer is also a season of very high humidity in the Baltimore area, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms occurring regularly. The record high for Baltimore is 108°F (42°C), set in 1985. January is the coldest month, with an average high of 44°F (7°C) and an average low of 29°F (-2°C). However, winter warm fronts can bring brief periods of springlike weather, and Arctic fronts can drop nighttime low temperatures into the teens. The record low temperature for Baltimore is -7°F (-22°C), set in 1934. Baltimore rarely experiences temperatures below 10°F or above 100°F. Due to an urban heat island effect in the city proper and a moderating effect of the Chesapeake Bay, the outlying, inland, and higher elevation parts of the Baltimore metro area are usually several degrees cooler than the city proper and the coastal towns.

Typical in most East Coast cities, precipitation is generous, and very evenly spread throughout the year, with every month bringing 3-4 inches of precipitation, averaging around 43 inches annually. Spring, summer, and fall bring frequent showers and thunderstorms, with an average of 105 sunny days a year. Baltimore experiences light to moderate snowfall in the winter, with the average annual snowfall around 20 inches (51 cm). In the northern and western suburbs, the climate begins to transition to a continental, and thus winter snowfall amounts are usually higher, with many towns annually receiving 24-36 inches (61-91 cm).^[35] Freezing rain occurs a few times each winter in Baltimore, but major ice storms are very rare.

The city lies in between two peculiar physical features that protect it from extreme weather and account for the relatively tempered seasons. The Appalachian Mountains protect central Maryland from much of the harsh northern winds and accompanying lake effect weather that bring subfreezing temperatures and heavy snows to the Great Lakes region, and the Delmarva Peninsula protects Baltimore from many of the tropical storms that affect the immediate coast.

Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Baltimore, MD

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Avg high °F (°C)	44 (7)	47 (8)	57 (14)	68 (20)	77 (25)	86 (30)	91 (33)	88 (31)	81 (27)	70 (21)	59 (15)	49 (9)	68 (20)
Avg low °F (°C)	29 (-2)	31 (-1)	39 (4)	48 (9)	58 (14)	68 (20)	73 (23)	71 (22)	64 (18)	52 (11)	42 (6)	33 (1)	51 (11)
Rainfall inches (mm)	3.48 (88.4)	3.07 (78.0)	4.12 (104.6)	3.06 (77.7)	4.18 (106.2)	3.28 (83.3)	3.96 (100.6)	4.05 (102.9)	4.06 (103.1)	3.19 (81.0)	3.45 (87.6)	3.60 (93.7)	43.59 (1107.1)

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Highway Network

The interstate highways serving Baltimore are I-70, I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway), I-95 (the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), I-395, I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway), I-795 (the Northwest Expressway), I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway), and I-97. Several of the city's interstate highways, e.g. I-95, I-83, and I-70 are not directly connected to each other, and in the case of I-70 end just outside city limits at the Baltimore Beltway, because of freeway revolts in the City of Baltimore. These revolts were led by Barbara Mikulski, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan. U.S. highways that run through downtown Baltimore include U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 40 National Road, and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway. There are two tunnels traversing the Baltimore harbor within the city limits: the four-bore Fort McHenry Tunnel (served by I-95) and the two-bore Harbor Tunnel (served by I-895). The Balitmore Beltway crosses south of Baltimore harbor over the Francis Scott Key Bridge.

[edit] Passenger rail

Baltimore is a top destination for Amtrak along the Northeast Corridor. Baltimore's Penn Station is one of the busiest in the country. In 2005, it ranked 8th in the United States with a total ridership of 910,523.^[36] Just outside the city, Baltimore/Washington International (BWI) Thurgood Marshall Airport Rail Station is another popular stop. Amtrak's Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Regional trains are the scheduled passenger train services that stop in the city. Additionally, MARC commuter rail service connects the city's two main intercity rail stations, Camden Station and Penn Station with Washington, D.C.'s Union Station as well as stops in between.

[edit] Public transit

Public transit in Baltimore City is provided by the Maryland Transit Administration. The city has a comprehensive bus network, a small light rail network connecting Hunt Valley in the north to BWI airport and Cromwell in the south, and a subway line between Owings Mills and Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[37] A proposed bus rapid transit or rail line, known as the Red Line, which would link the Social Security Administration to Fells Point and perhaps the Canton and Dundalk communities, is under study as of 2007; a proposal to extend Baltimore's existing subway line to Morgan State University, known as the Green Line, is in the planning stage.^[38].

[edit] Airports

Baltimore is served by Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, generally known as "BWI," which lies to the south in neighboring Anne Arundel County, and by Martin State Airport, a general aviation facility, to the north in Baltimore County. BWI and Martin State airports are operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which are part of the Maryland Department of Transportation.^[39] In terms of passengers, BWI airport is the top 26th airport in the United States.^[40] Downtown Baltimore is connected to BWI airport by two major highways (I-95 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway via Interstate 195), the Baltimore Light Rail, and Amtrak and MARC commuter rail service between Baltimore's Penn Station and BWI Rail Station. Martin State Airport is linked to downtown Baltimore by two major highways, I-95 and U.S. Route 40, and MARC commuter rail service between Baltimore's Penn Station and its nearby Martin State Airport MARC Train stop.

[edit] Port of Baltimore

Main article: Port of Baltimore

The port was founded 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near Locust Point as the port of entry for the tobacco trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later a on becoming leader in the construction of clipper ships. ^[41] After the founding of Baltimore, mills were built behind the wharves. The California Gold Rush lead to many orders for fast vessels; many overland pioneers also relied upon can goods from Baltimore. After the civil war, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with Brazil. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for emigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad made the port a major transhipment point.

Currently the port has major roll-on roll-off facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling. ^[42] Water taxis also operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Erlich participated in naming the port after Helen Delich Bentley during the 300th anniversary of the port. ^[43]

[edit] Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1790	13,503		–
1800	26,514		96.4%
1810	46,555		75.6%
1820	62,738		34.8%
1830	80,620		28.5%
1840	102,313		26.9%
1850	169,054		65.2%
1860	212,418		25.7%
1870	267,354		25.9%
1880	332,313		24.3%
1890	434,439		30.7%
1900	508,957		17.2%
1910	558,485		9.7%
1920	733,826		31.4%
1930	804,874		9.7%
1940	859,100		6.7%
1950	949,708		10.5%
1960	939,024		-1.1%
1970	905,759		-3.5%
1980	786,775		-13.1%
1990	736,014		-6.5%
2000	636,251		-13.6%

After New York City, Baltimore was the second city in the United States to reach a population of 100,000, (followed by New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston).^[44] Baltimore was the second largest city in the nation until 1860, when it was surpassed by Philadelphia. Baltimore remained one of the 10 largest cities in the United States from 1790 until about 1970. The city and metropolitan area currently rank in the top 20 in terms of population.

In the 1830, 1840, and 1850 censuses of the United States of America, Baltimore was the second-largest city in population. It was among the top 10 cities in population in the United States in every census up to the 1980 census. Recently, a 2005 census estimate projected that Baltimore was the city with the largest population drop alongside Detroit and Washington D.C., losing over 84,000 residents between 1990 and 2000.^[45]

As of 2005, the population was 641,943, down slightly from 643,304 in 2004, but higher than the century-long low of 636,251 in 2000. The Baltimore–Towson metropolitan area, as of 2004, was estimated to have a population of 2.6 million.^[46] The population density was 3,111.5/km² (8,058.4/mi²). There were 300,477 housing units at an average density of 1,435.8/km² (3,718.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 64.34% Black or African American, 31.63% White, 0.32% Native American, 1.53% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. 1.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. This census however does not accurately represent the city's Latino population however which over the past few years has been steadily increasing. This growth is mainly seen in the southeastern neighborhoods around Fells Point, Patterson Park, and Highlandtown and in the city's Northwestern neighborhoods such as Fallstaff, and various neighborhoods of Northeastern Baltimore ^[47]. 6.2% of the population were of German ancestry according to Census 2000.

There were 257,996 households out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 25.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.9% of all households are made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42, and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city the population was spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,078, and the median income for a family was $35,438. Males had a median income of $31,767 versus $26,832 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,978. About 18.8% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.6% of those under age 18 and 18.0% of those age 65 or over.

[edit] Economy

Once an industrial town, with an economic base focused on steel processing, shipping, auto manufacturing, and transportation, Baltimore is now a modern service economy. Although deindustrialization took its toll on the city, costing residents many low-skill, high-wage jobs, the city is a growing financial, business, and health service base for the southern Mid-Atlantic region.

The city is home to only one Fortune 500 Company, Constellation Energy, and its suburbs are home to two more--Grace Chemicals, in Columbia, and Black & Decker in Towson. However, many other companies call Baltimore home, including asset manager Legg Mason, investment advisories T. Rowe Price and Brown Advisory, Alex. Brown, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bank (of Baltimore origin, and at the time of its acquisition, the oldest continuously-running investment bank in the United States), FTI Consulting, Vertis, Thomson Prometric, Performax, Sylvan Learning/Laureate Education, Under Armour, DAP, 180º, Old Mutual Financial Network, and Advertising.com. Spice giant McCormick & Company was founded in Baltimore, and is currently headquartered in suburban Hunt Valley.

The city is also home to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which will serve as the center of a new biotechnology park. The park, one of two such projects currently under construction in the city, will provide room for medical/technology upstarts as well as industry giants to tap into the wealth of knowledge in Baltimore. Baltimore is widely regarded as one of the world's most important depositories of medical knowledge.

[edit] Education

[edit] Colleges and universities

Baltimore is the home of several places of higher learning, both public and private. Among them are:

[edit] Private

• Baltimore Hebrew University (BHU)
• Baltimore International College (BIC)
• College of Notre Dame of Maryland (NDM)
• Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
• Loyola College in Maryland
• Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA)
• Peabody Institute
• Sojourner-Douglass College

[edit] Public

• Baltimore City Community College (BCCC)
• Coppin State University
• Morgan State University
• University of Baltimore (UB)
• University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB, formerly UMAB)

As well as those located within the city, several are located in the suburbs that surround the city. Major ones include:

• Goucher College, in Towson (private)
• Towson University, in Towson (public)
• University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), in Catonsville (public)
• Villa Julie College, in Stevenson and Owings Mills (private)
• Ner Israel Rabbinical College in Pikesville (private)

[edit] Primary and secondary schools

The city's public schools are operated by the Baltimore City Public School System, which includes Forest Park Senior High School, the oldest coeducational school in the nation; Western High School, the oldest public all girls school in the nation, and Baltimore City College, the third oldest public high school in the country.

[edit] Private schools

• Archbishop Curley High School
• Baltimore Jr. Academy

• Boys' Latin School of Maryland
• The Bryn Mawr School
• Calvert Hall College High School
• Calvert School of Baltimore
• Friends School of Baltimore
• Gilman School
• Institute of Notre Dame
• Roland Park Country School
• Waldorf School of Baltimore

Some private schools are located in the nearby suburbs

• Baltimore Lutheran School
• Garrison Forest School
• Glenelg Country School
• McDonogh School
• Oldfields School
• The Park School
• Ruxton Country Day school
• St. Paul's School
• St. Paul's School for Girls

[edit] Parochial schools

• Archbishop Curley High School
• Archbishop Spalding High School
• Bais Yaakov High School
• Baltimore Lutheran School
• Beth Tfiloh
• B'nos Yisroel D'Baltimore
• Calvert Hall College High School
• The Cardinal Gibbons School
• Catholic High School of Baltimore
• St. Frances Academy
• Institute of Notre Dame
• Israel Henry Beren High School part of Ner Israel
• Loyola Blakefield
• Maryvale Preparatory School
• Mercy High School
• Mount de Sales Academy
• Mount Saint Joseph High School
• Notre Dame Preparatory School
• Seton Keough High School
• Towson Catholic High School
• Yeshivas Cofetz Chaim D'Baltimore (Talmudical Academy)
• Yeshivat Rambam

[edit] Media

Although Baltimore is only 45 minutes north of Washington by automobile, it is a major media market in its own right. Its main newspaper, The Baltimore Sun, was sold by its Baltimore owners in 1988 to the Times Mirror Company, which has since been bought by Tribune Company. Baltimore is the 24th-largest television market and 21st-largest radio market in the country.

[edit] Newspapers

[edit] Television

[edit] Radio

[edit] Museums and attractions

[edit] Sports teams

• Baltimore Orioles - (Major League Baseball)
• Baltimore Ravens - (National Football League)
• Baltimore Blast - (Major Indoor Soccer League)
• Crystal Palace Baltimore - (USL Second Division)
• Baltimore Blackbirds - (American Indoor Football Association)
• Baltimore Bay Lions - (American Basketball Association)
• Baltimore Burn - (National Women's Football Association)
• Charm City Roller Girls - (Women's Flat Track Derby Association)

[edit] Defunct (or moved) sports teams

[edit] Baseball

• Baltimore Black Sox - Eastern Colored League (1923-1928)
• Baltimore Elite Giants - Negro National League(1938-1948)
• Baltimore Orioles - (International League)
• Baltimore Orioles (19th century) (1882 to 1899)
• Baltimore Terrapins - (Federal League) (1914-1915)
• Baltimore Unions - (Union Association)

[edit] Football

• Baltimore Stallions – (Canadian Football League)
• Baltimore Stars – (United States Football League)
• Baltimore Colts – (National Football League, 1953-83)
• Baltimore Colts – (All-America Football Conference/NFL, 1947-50)
• Baltimore Ravens – (National Football League)

[edit] Basketball

• Baltimore Bullets (1947-1955) - (National Basketball Association)
• Baltimore Bullets (1963-1972) - (National Basketball Association)
• Baltimore Claws - (American Basketball Association)
• Baltimore Lightning - (Continental Basketball Association) in 1985 - 86. Played games at Towson Center at Towson University.
• Baltimore Bayrunners - (International Basketball League)
• Baltimore Pearls - (American Basketball Association)

[edit] Soccer

• Baltimore Bays - (North American Soccer League)
• Baltimore Blast - (Major Soccer League) (1980-1992)
• Baltimore Comets - (North American Soccer League)

[edit] Hockey

• Baltimore Blades - (World Hockey Association)
• Baltimore Bandits - (American Hockey League)
• Baltimore Clippers - (American Hockey League, Eastern Hockey League, Southern Hockey League)
• Baltimore Skipjacks - (American Hockey League, Atlantic Coast Hockey League)

[edit] Lacrosse

• Baltimore Tribe (1988) - American Lacrosse League - played for the 4 weeks the league existed and then folded with the league. Played at University of Maryland-Baltimore County in Catonsville.
• Baltimore Thunder (1987–1999) - National Lacrosse League - moved to Pittsburgh, then Washington, D.C.; now Colorado.
• Baltimore Bayhawks (2001–2006) - Major League Lacrosse - moved to Washington, D.C.

[edit] Sister cities

Baltimore has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):

[edit] Baltimore in fiction

Main article: Baltimore in Fiction

[edit] See also

• Cemeteries in Baltimore
• Enoch Pratt Free Library
• List of people from Baltimore
• List of Mayors of Baltimore
• List of parks in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area
• Music of Baltimore
• Baltimore Police Department
• Dickeyville Historic District
• Formstone
• Screen painting
• Baltimorese
• National Bohemian
• Arabbers

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Find more information on Baltimore, Maryland by searching Wikipedia's sister projects
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	Learning resources from Wikiversity

• City of Baltimore Website
• Baltimore Area Convention and Visitors Association
• Baltimore Development Corporation
• Baltimore Walking Tours
• Fells Point Ghost Tours- Baltimore Ghost Tour
• Visit Baltimore
• Buildings of Baltimore
• The Phoenix Shot Tower in Baltimore's Inner Harbor
• Baltimore Weather - Live weather, air quality, and archived weather from the UMBC weather station.
• NOAA Charts(linked 4/2007)

• Baltimore Harbor # 12281
• Chesapeake Bay Approaches to Baltimore Harbor # 12278

• Chapter 15 Baltimore to Head of Chesapeake Bay, Coast Pilot 3, 40th Edition, 2007, Office of Coastal Survey, NOAA.
• The Cheston L. Eshelman Company

• Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 39.29° -76.62°
  • Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local
  • Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia
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	v • d • e State of Maryland Annapolis (capital)
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v • d • e Location of the capital of the United States
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v • d • e 50 largest cities of the United States by population

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Preceded by Philadelphia

Capital of the United States of America 1776–1777

Succeeded by Philadelphia

v • d • e All-America City Award: Hall of Fame

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