Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Facts and Figures
Flag
The flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Muslim creed:
'There is no god but God- Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The official emblem is a date
palm, representing vitality and growth, and two crossed swords, symbolizing justice and strength
rooted in faith.
HISTORY
The history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia dates back to about 1747 when the ruler of the central
Arabian Peninsula, Muhammad Bin Saud, formed an alliance with the Muslim scholar and reformer
Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab, a partnership that led to the founding of the modem state-
The Al-Saud family ruled much of the Arabian Peninsula throughout the 19th century. In 1902, Abdul A & Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud succeeded in
recapturing Riyadh from the Al-Rashid and in the following thirty years united the numerous and
disparate tribes into one nation.
The foundation of the modem Kingdom of Saudi Arabia took place on September 23, 1932, a day that
is commemorated as National Day.
GEOGRAPHY
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with an area of about 865,000 square miles, occupies the bulk of the
Arabian Peninsula, located in the southwest of Asia.
Saudi Arabia lies at the crossroads of three continents - Europe, Asia and Africa. It extends from
;472fthe Red Sea in the west to the Arabian Gulf in the east. To the north, it borders on Jordan, Iraq and
Kuwait, and to the south, on Yemen and Oman. To the east lie the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and
Bahrain.
Saudi Arabia's terrain is varied but on the whole fairly barren and harsh, with salt flats, gravel plains and
9752;460fsand dunes and only a few lakes or permanent streams- In the south is the Rub Al-Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sand desert in the world. In the
southwest the mountain ranges of Asir Province rise to over 9,000 feet.
CLIMATE
From June through August midday temperature in the desert can soar to over 100 deg. F. Humidity in the coastal regions may approach 100 percent at 108ftimes. In contrast weather in other areas of the country may be mild throughout the year. Winter temperatures in Me northern and central regions may drop to below freezing. Rainfall ranges from none at all for up to 10 years in the Rub Al-Khali, to 20 inches a year in the mountains of Asir Province.
RULERS
Promoting Islam and the national development of the Kingdom have been the major tasks of the rulers of Saudi Arabia, beginning with King Abdul Aziz, the founder, followed by his sons who succeeded Wm: King Saud (1953-64), King Faisal (1964-75), King Khalid (1975-82). and the current ruler, the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz.
King Fahd has served his country in a variety of ways, first as advisor to his father and as a member of the delegation to the inauguration of the United Nations, and then as Minister of Education in the 1950s and Minister of the Interior in the 1960s. Appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister in 1967, he became the Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister in 1975- As Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Fahd has been instrumental in expanding the facilities at the holy sites, in addition to furthering the development of the Kingdom in areas such as education, social services, agriculture and industry. He has also guided the countrys contributions to the Islamic Development Fund and the Islamic Development Bank.`
AS one of the major figures in the Gulf Cooperation Council, he has helped to channel efforts to promote peace and stability in the Arabian Gulf region. During the Gulf Crisis of 1990-91, Ming Fahd was instrumental in putting together the coalition of Arab, Islamic and other friendly states that ultimately secured Kuwait's liberation.16`Crown Prince Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz is First Deputy Prime Minister and Commander of the National Guard. Prince Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz is Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense and Aviation.
GOVERNMENT
Saudi Arabia is an Islamic state based on principles prescribed by the Quran, the holy book of Islam, and the Shariah, Islamic law. The government structure consists of a Council of Ministers, a Provincial Council System and the Majlis Al-Shoura (Consultative Council). There are 21 government ministries:
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Communications Ministry of Defense and Aviation Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance and National Economy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Health Ministry of Higher Education Ministry of Housing and Public Works Ministry of Industry and Electricity Ministry of Information Ministry of Interior Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Call and Guidance Ministry of Justice Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Ministry of Municipalities and Rural Affairs Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Ministry of Pilgrimage Ministry of Planning Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones
RELIGION AND LEGAL SYSTEM
Islam is one of the world's great monotheistic religions. The followers of Islam, called Muslims, believe in God - in Arabic, Allah - and that Muhammad is His Prophet. Today. the worldwide community of Muslims numbers nearly one billion. Historically, Saudi Arabia has occupied a special place in the Islamic world. Indeed, it is toward the sacred Kaabah in Makkah that Muslims turn devoutly in prayer five times a day. The Holy Quran, the sacred scripture of Islam, was revealed and is universally recited in Arabic.
A Muslim has five obligations. called the Five Pillars of Islam, first is shahadah, the profession of faith, second is salah, praying five times a day. third is zakat, almsgiving; fourth is sawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan; fifth is the Hai, the pilgrimage to Makkah.
The Shari'ah, the Islamic code of law based on the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, is the foundation of the legal system of Saudi Arabia. The Holy Quran itself is considered the constitution of the country and provides ethical values and guidance.
MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Saudi Arabia occupies a prominent role in regional and international affairs through its membership in numerous organizations. The Kingdom is one of the six founding members of the Gulf Cooperation council (GCC) and a founding member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (0IC), and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The Kingdom is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and many other international organizations. Saudi Arabia is a signatory of the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty.
ECONOMY
Saudi Arabia's economy is based on free and private enterprise. Although it is still the world's greatest oil exporter and possesses the largest oil reserves, Saudi Arabia now has a thriving non-oil economic sector which produces a variety of products and exports to more than 70 countries. In 1992 the gross domestic product (GDP) stood at 112.98 billion U.S. dollars. The no" sector's share increased from 46 percent in 1970 to 67 per-cent in 1992. In 1992, the Ovate sector produced 44-26 billion dollars of goods and services. Per capita income was 6,685 dollars.
HEALTH, EDUCATION & SOCIAL SERVICES
The Kingdom is dedicated to providing all Saudis with the best in health care, social services and education.
Education is free from kindergarten through university and available to all. In 1992, there were 18,000
schools, seven universities and 83 colleges in Saudi Arabia. There were 3.154 primary health care centers
and 274 hospitals with 41,151 beds in the country during the same year. The social services system
aims at improving the quality of life for the entire population of 16.9 million, stimulating community
development and providing assistance to the disabled.
TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATIONS
By the early 1990s, the Kingdom possessed a network of nearly 80,000 miles of roads including an extensive expressway system.
Saudi Arabia has the only rail system on the Arabian Peninsula. It carries about half a million passengers and one and a half million tons of goods annually.
Saudia, the national airline, is the largest airline in the Middle East, with international flights serving destinations all over the world and a domestic network covering the country. Through three international and 22 domestic airports in Saudi Arabia, a total of more than 20 million passengers ;180ftravel on Saudia annually. There are modem seaports and oil terminals on the Red Sea and on the Arabian Gulf.
Saudi Arabia's communication system is one of the world's most modem. By 1992. there were more than 1-64 million telephone lines, and by the year 2000 this number will increase to nearly 3 million-
International direct dial phone service is available throughout the country. The country code for Saudi Arabia is 966, and the moor area codes are: Riyadh - 1; Jeddah, Makkah, and Taff -2; Dammam and Dhahran - 3,- and Madinah, Tabuk, Yanbu - 4-
Newspapers, magazines and radio and television programs are available in Arabic and English.
BUSINESS HOURS & CALENDAR
Government offices are open Saturday through Wednesday from 7:30 am to 2:30 pm; private businesses from 8:00 am to noon and 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm; general banking hours are from 8-00 am until noon and from 5:00 pm until 8:00 pm and markets and shops are open from 8:00 am until 10:00 PM.
The Islamic calendar is based on the beginning of the Islamic era, and dates from the year of the Hijrah, the emigration of the Prophet Muhammad from Makkah to Madinah. Hijrah years are lunar; one month is the cycle between two new moons. The weekend in Saudi Arabia is Thursday and Friday.
The 12 months of the Islamic lunar year are:
Muharram
Safar
Rabia Al-Awal
Rabia Al-Akher
Jamad AL-Awal
Jamad Al-Akher
Rajab
Sha'aban
Ramadan
Shawwal
Zul Qidah
Zul HiJah
HOLIDAYS
There are two official holidays in the Islamic calendar during which all government offices, Ovate
businesses and educational institutions are closed. The first of these is Eid Al-Fitr, the feast of the
breaking of the fast, which begins on the 25th day of the month of Ramadan and lasts through the 5th day
of the following month- Eid Al-Adha, the culmination of the Hai, begins on the fifth of the month of Zul
Hijah and continues through the fifteenth. During this time, millions of Muslims from all over the world come
to Makkah to perform the pilgrimage.
TIME AND CURRENCY
Saudi Arabia is on Greenwich Mean Time plus three hours (GMT+3). This is equivalent to Eastern
Standard Time plus eight hours; seven hours during Daylight Savings Time.
Saudi coins are called halalahs.
Coinage denominations are 5, 10. 25, 50 and 100 halalahs. with 100 halalahsequal to one riyal. Bank notes,
printed in Arabic on one side and English on the reverse, are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 mid
500 riyals. One U.S. dollar is equivalent to 3.75 Saudi riyals.
TRAVEL
All visitors must obtain entry visas From the nearest Saudi Arabian Embassy or Consulate. The Visa Section of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia is at 601 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington. DC 20O37, (202) 342-3800. There are consulates in New 11 CYork. Houston and Los Angeles.
Arabic is the official language. English is. widely spoken in most urban areas. Saudi Arabia uses the metric system.
Flights on the national airline, Saudia, depart from New York and Washington, DC. For reservations, call 1-800-4SAUDIA.
Major international hotels include the Sheraton, Hyatt, Mariott, Meridien and Intercontinental.
INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a monarchy with a political system rooted in Islam's cherished traditions and rich culture. Its rules and regulations are governed by the Holy Quran and the Sunnah (teachings and sayings of the Prophet 804;300f Muhammad) which call for peace justice, equality, consultation and respect for the rights of the individual
Since the beginning of the first Saudi state in the 18th century through the founding of the modem Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by the late King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud on September 23, 1932, the Shari'ah (Islamic law) has been the pillar and source of Saudi Arabia's basic system of government. It identifies the nature of the state. its goals and responsibilities, as well as the relationship between the government and its citizens.
Recognizing that his young nation would need to adapt to the changing times in order to thrive and prosper, King Abdul A& built the foundation for a constitutional regime, thus establishing a modem government where once tribal rulers had reigned.
A royal decree in 1953 established Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers. During the 1950s and 1960s, 20 government ministries were founded. The Council of Ministers in conjunction with the King, formed the executive and legislative branches of the government This was the first step taken towards formalizing the long-established Islamic system of popular consultation which has always been practiced by Saudi rulers. In the Majlis, weekly meetings which are open to all, members of the general public can approach the King and leaders at the local, provincial and national levels to discuss issues and raise grievances.
Beginning in the early 1970s, Saudi Arabia launched highly successful five-year development plans to set up a modem physical, social and human infrastructure. The rapid modernization of Saudi Arabia led to a re-evaluation of the country's political and administrative system. Just as had his father before him, the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd Bin Abdul A& felt the need to revitalize the existing political system. The primary goal was to streamline the system to deal with the requirements of the nation in the 21st century. Taking into consideration the Kingdom's role in the Islamic world as well as its traditions and social fabric, the changes were made in total adherence to the Islamic religion-In 1992. King Fahd introduced a new Basic Law for the System of Government, Majlis Al-Shoura (Consultative Council) and the Provincial System. The following year. he announced bylaws for the Council of Ministers System.
BASIC SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
The Basic System of Government identifies the nature of the state, its goals. and responsibilities, as well as the relationship between the ruler and citizens. It defines the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as 5412;252fan Arab and Islamic sovereign state; its religion is Islam and its constitution is the Holy Quran and the Sunnah.
The King. who also acts as prime minister, ensures the application of the Shari'ah, the state's general policy and supervises the protection and defense of the nation. The Crown Prince is appointed by the King. Members of de Council of Ministers assist Dv long in the performance of his duties.
The new bylaws introduced for the system in 1992 further explain that the purpose of the state is to ensure the security and rights of all citizens and residents. It emphasizes the importance of the family as the nucleus of Saudi society. The family plays a vital role by teaching its members to adhere to Islamic values.
In defining the relationship between the ruler and the people. the system emphasizes the equality of all Saudi citizens. Al are equal before God and in their concern for the well-being, security, dignity and progress of their nation. All citizens are also equal before the law.
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS SYSTEM
In 1953, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz established the Council of Ministers to facilitate the Kingdom's development In subsequent years, the addition of new ministries expanded the size of the council. Presently, the Council consists of the Prime Minister, who is the King, the First Deputy Prime minister, the Second Deputy Prime Minister, 21 ministers with portfolio and six ministers of state.
In September 1993, King Fahd introduced new bylaws to the Council of Minister's System. Under these bylaws. the Council is responsible for drafting and overseeing implementation of the internal, external, financial, economic, educational and defense policies and general affairs of the state. It functions in accordance with the Basic System of Government and the Consultative Council. It is the final authority for the nation's financial, executive and administrative affairs.
its resolutions are not binding unless agreed upon by a majority vote. In caw of a fie, the prime ministers vote is the to-breaker.
MAJLIS AL-SHOURA (CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL)
The primary function of Majlis Al-Shoura is to advise the King on issues of importance to the nation. The concept of consultation with learned and experienced citizens is one that has long been practiced by Saudi leaders and has its roots in Islam. The late King Abdul Aziz, who established the first consultative council in the mid-1920s. explained: "We have to follow what is stated in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah in implementation of Allah's orders to consult others in the affairs of the mornent.'
In order to give the Council a more formalized and efficient mechanism, King Fahd restructured the system in 1992. The council now consists of a chairman and 60 members appointed by the King for a four-year renewable term. Its members represent the spectrum of Saudi society. King Fahd personally inaugurated the first session of the new Council on December 29, 1993.
Responsibilities of the Council include discussing regulations, domestic and international issues and all other matters of public interest It can request the participation of government officials at key meetings and apply for access to government documents. Reports and recommendations made by the Council are submitted directly to the King.
One of Om Council's first actions was to form eight specialized committees. Members were divided along the various committees based on their experience. These committees are:
• C Educational, Cultural and Information Affairs Committee
• Health and Social Affairs Committee
• Foreign Affairs Committee
• Security Affairs Committee
• Organization and Administration Committee
• Islamic Affairs Committee
• Economic and Financial Affairs Committee
• Services and Public Utilities Committee
PROVINCIAL SYSTEM
To further raise the efficiency of administration and to promote the continued development of the county's provinces and their extensive social services programs, King Fahd promulgated new bylaws for the Provincial System. The new measure, he stated in a royal decree. is designed to "enhance the efficiency of administration and development in the regions of the Kingdom... preserve security and order and guarantee Om fights of citizens and their freedom in the framework of shari'ah."
The bylaws divide the country into 13 provinces and define their administrative structure, the manner in which they should be administered and the responsibilities of the governors and regional officers. In 1993, King Fahd named 210 members to the Provincial Councils of the country's 13 provinces. The councils deliberate on the needs of their respective province; work on the development budget; scrutinize future development Mans and monitor ongoing projects.
HISTORY INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia enjoys a long and rich history that traces its mots back to the earliest civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula. The region's ancient nomadic peoples developed a deep love for the land as well as a strong sense of independence. With the advent of Islam in the 7th century, tribes and clans were unified under one religion.
The Saudi Arabian state was first established in the central region of the Arabian Peninsula in the early 18th century. Modem Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud. The nation experienced remarkable growth over a short period, spurred by the discovery of oil in the 1930s. The people of Saudi Arabia now enjoy a high standard of living based on an increasingly diversified economy and have access to the most modem amenities and services. Proud of their history and energetic participants in the successful modernization of their country, today's Saudi Arabians face the future with great confidence.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia comprises almost four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula, an area approximately one-third the size of the continental United States. Geographically, it is situated in the southwestern part of Asia. The eastern part of Saudi Arabia is a plateau that begins with the great Nafud desert in the north, continues along the Arabian Gulf and culminates in the world's largest sand desert, the Rub Al-Khali (Empty Quarter), in the south. To the west of this plateau is the Najd, the heartland of the peninsula, known for its spectacular escarpments and gravel and sand deserts. The capital city of Riyadh is located in the Najd- A chain of mountains in western Saudi Arabia runs parallel to the Red Sea. The Hijaz region along the Red Sea contains the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah, the port city of Jeddah and the summer capital of Taif.
EARLY HISTORY
The Middle East, of which Saudi Arabia is an integral part, is the birthplace of civilization. It is in this area that man first settled in farming communities, developed agriculture, domesticated livestock, perfected trade and invented writing, setting the stage for the rise of civilizations such as Babylon, Nineveh, Phoenicia and Egypt. On its perimeter, and at a later stage. other great civilizations, such as Greece and Rome, would flourish. benefiting from the social and economic systems pioneered by the people of the region.
The inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula developed a civilization of their own that defied outside conquest. They interacted economically and culturally. trading with communities in the Fertile Crescent which stretches from what is present-day Iraq through Syria to Turkey. as well as with Egypt the Roman Empire and other peoples beyond their immediate area.
Cities along the western and northern edge of the Arabian Peninsula were located on a major overland trade route. Evidence of extensive commercial trade dating from 3,000 B-C. has been discovered a" this route- Early trade commodities included agricultural products, spices, textiles, gold and frankincense,
The lifestyle of the early Arabs was deeply influenced by the desert. which fostered a strong sense of independence and adaptability to a challenging environment. Some Arabs turned to agriculture, forming settlements around a well or in an oasis. while others became nomads, traveling with their flocks across the desert in search of water and grazing land. Caravan cities formed along the western Red $ea coastal region 6fof the peninsula. Although the desert environment was difficult to endure. it provided isolation and protection for the Arabs throughout the centuries.
ISLAM IN HISTORY
The spiritual center of the Islamic world is the holy city of Makkah in western Saudi Arabia. In the 6th century A.D., Makkah was one of Arabia's thriving commercial centers, and it was destined to play the most important role in the birth of Islam.
Around the year 610, Muhammad, a native of Makkah, received a message from God (in Arabic, Allah) through the Angel Gabriel- As more revelations enjoined him to proclaim the oneness of God universally. the Prophet Muhammad's following grew. In 622, learning of an assassination plot against him, the Prophet led his followers to the town of Yathrib, which was later named Madinat Al-Nabi (City of the Prophet) now known simply as Madinah. This was the Hijrah, or migration, which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Within the next few years, several battles took place between the followers of the Prophet Muhammad and the pagans of Makkah. By 625, Madinah was entirely in the hands of the Muslims. The Prophet Muhammad unified the tribes so successfully that by 628 he and his followers reentered Makkah without bloodshed.
Less than 1 00 years from the advent of Islam, the Islamic Empire extended from Spain to areas of India and China. Islam made no distinction based on ram, class, or background. and the Muslim world was considered a single worldwide community, the ummah-Islamic rule thrived well into the 17th century, and while Europe was passing through the Middle Ages, the Islamic civilization made tremendous scientific, medical, literary and artistic advances which have had a lasting impact on the world-
MODERN HISTORY
In the early 18th century, Sheikh Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab, the son of a religious judge, called on Muslims to return to the original form of Islam. Initially persecuted, he later found protection in the town of Diriyah, which was ruled by Muhammad Bin Saud, a member of the prominent Al-Saud family. The partnership between these two men eventually led to the foundation of Saudi Arabia.
By the early 1800s, the Al-Saud family ruled much of the Arabian Peninsula. 'Ns rise to power alarmed the Ottoman Empire, which sent forth its armies to contain the influence of the Al-Saud. The Ottomans ultimately captured Diriyah, thus ending the first phase of the Al-Saud reign in 1818.
By 1824, the Al-Saud regained political control of central Arabia and once again ruled the region from their new capital of Riyadh, located close to Diriyah. A period of unrest and tribal warfare began in 1865 and resulted in the Al-Rashid family, with Ottoman support, extending its power 1 Cover the Saudi state. The Al-Saud, under the leadership of Abdul Rahman, were forced into exile in 1891. They lived on the borders of the Empty Quarter before settling in Kuwait
Twenty- one year-old Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud left Kuwait in 1901, determined to recapture all of the territory once held by his forefathers and to extend his protection over the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah. In a daring battle he recaptured Rlyadh in 1902. This event marks the beginning of the formation of the modem state of Saudi Arabia. After establishing Riyadh as his headquarters, Abdul Aziz proceeded, over the following decades, to unite the different regions into one nation.
On September 23, 1932, the country was named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an Islamic state, with Arabic designated as the national language and the Holy Quran as its constitution.
The stability and prosperity that has reigned in Saudi Arabia for more than 60 years are due in large pad to the legacy of its legendary founder. King Abdul Aziz was a remarkable leader of imagination and vision who launched Saudi Arabia on the road to taking its rightful place on the world stage. Although he never left the Arab word, he astounded visitors with his shrewd mastery of world affairs and proved to be a highly-sophisticated statesman. Self-disciplined and moderate. intelligent and courageous, Ns
considerable abilities were reinforced by his deep devotion to God.
During his rule, King Abdul Aziz laid the foundations for the modernization of his country. He began to build the country's infrastructure, first establishing roads and basic communications systems and later introducing modem technology and improving education, health cam and agriculture.
Saud, the eldest son of Abdul Aziz, acceded to the throne upon his father's death in 1953. He instituted the Council of Ministers and established the Ministries of Health, Education and Commerce. A large number of schools and the Kingdom's first institute of higher education, King Saud University, were opened in Riyadh in 1957.
King Saud made the first trip by a Saudi monarch to the United States in 1957. In 1962, Saudi Arabia sponsored an international Islamic conference, which fostered the Word Muslim League, headquartered in Makkah.
Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz became king in 1964. King Faisal's governance at home was marked by a Crespect for tradition combined with innovation. While his father had shaped the Kingdom, Faisal built and consolidated the country. His vast experience in foreign affairs staring at an early age allowed him to devote great effort to this area during his reign. To deepen links between Islamic nations, he traveled widely throughout the Arab and Islamic worlds. He took firm control of the country's fiscal policy and in 1970 initiated the first of the highly successful five-year Development Plans that have resulted in Saudi Arabia's rapid development. King Faisal was a central force behind the establishment of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in Jeddah in 1971, which is composed of Islamic countries and is dedicated to promoting Islamic unity and cooperation. King Faisal was named Time magazine's 'Man of the Year in 1975 and was one of the world's most-respected leaders, as well as one of its most powerful men.
King Khalid Bin Abdul Aziz succeeded King Faisal in 1975. Under his leadership, Saudi Arabia continued its development at a remarkable pace. King Khalid launched the Kingdom's monumental Second and Third Development Plans in 1975 and 1980, under which the country's major infrastructure was established. The standard of living increased substantially and the Kingdom achieved political and economic prominence both regionally and internationally. Under King Khalid's leadership. the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)` was formed in 1981. The GCC links Saudi Arabia with neighboring Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates for economic and security cooperation and coordination.
The Kingdom's current Leader, King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz, succeeded King Khalid in 1982. He has directed Saudi 288;2084f Arabia's continued development and the diversification of its economic base away from reliance on oil. During his rule, the Kingdom's private sector has grown rapidly, now accounting for mom than a third of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).
King Fahd began his distinguished career in public service more than half a century ago. As a young man, he represented Saudi Arabia at international events. His first high-level government post was Minister of Education during King Saud's reign. As the Kingdom's first Minister of Education, he helped plan and implement a far-ranging program to improve the quality of education and make it available to all Saudi citizens. In 1962 then-Prince Fahd became Minister of the Interior and, in 1967, Second Deputy Prime Minister. Prince Fahd was invested as Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister in 1975. Thus, he was an active participant in Saudi Arabia's progress and growth that began in earnest with the introduction of the first five-year Development Plan in 1970. Among Crown Prince Fahd's many achievements in the realm of foreign affairs was his 1981 proposal to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict known as the Fahd Plan and adopted by the League of Arab States as the Fez Initiative.
When he became King, Fahd was already known as an experienced leader. He has focused his efforts on building enduring prosperity in Saudi Arabia through Development Plans that stress planning, broad educational opportunities, a diversified economy and resource conservation. On the domestic scene, King Fahd has introduced extensive reforms aimed at facilitating the continued development of Saudi Arabia in all spheres. In an effort to enhance the administrative efficiency and further development of the nation, King Fahd in 1992 announced new bylaws for the Basic System of Government Majlis Al-Shoura (Consultative Council) and the Provincial Council System. In 1993, he introduced bylaws for the Council of Ministers. On December 29. 1993, King Fahd opened the first meeting of the new Majlis AI-Shourah, a body of 60 highly-qualified Saudi citizens with specializations in all fields, which makes recommendations and gives advice to the king on various issues. Though the concept of Shoura (consultation) has always been practiced by Saudi leaders, the new system gives A a more formalized structure to better assist in meeting the requirements of the modem state. King Fahd also decreed new bylaws for the Higher Education Council and University System. These bylaws will enable the nation's higher education system to better meet the country's growing need for educated and skilled citizens in larger numbers and newer fields as the Kingdom approaches the 21 st century.
As the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques of Makkah and Madinah, King Fahd continued the policy of previous Saudi leaders to expand the facilities at the holy sites and across the Kingdom to facilitate the annual pilgrirmage for a greater number of Muslims from around the world. Today, more than two million pilgrims take part in the annual Hai. In 1992, a project personally launched and overseen by King Fahd was completed, expanding the capacity of the Holy Mosque to accommodate more than one million worshipers and that of the Prophets Mosque to more than half a million worshipers.
In the international arena, King Fahd has helped to achieve reconciliation among Arab as well as other Islamic nations, particularly through the League of Arab nations, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and other international forums- During the Arabian Gulf Crisis, he played a decisive role in restoring international legitimacy and implementing United Nations Security Council resolutions. King Fahd was also instrumental in putting together a coalition of Arab, Islamic and
other friendly states that ultimately secured Kuwait's liberation. King Fahd has also played an active role in seeking peaceful resolutions for crises in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Somalia and other parts of the world. Under his direction, Saudi Arabia has provided emergency assistance to numerous countries suffering from natural disasters.
Among King Fahd's many international achievements is the historic Taff Accord. After years of quiet, behind-the-scenes diplomacy, Lebanese parliamentarians; met in Taff, Saudi Arabia, in 1989 and established a national reconciliation government to end 15 years of civil war and return normalcy to their country. King Fahd has also been an active supporter of Lebanon's reconstruction efforts,providing financial aid and other forms of assistance. An advocate of peace, he has supported the Middle East peace process, including the declaration of principles between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel in Washington on September 13, 1993, as a first step towards achieving a just and comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict Abdullah Sin Abdul Aziz became Crown Prince 2fand Deputy Prime Minister in 1982, and has been Commander of the National Guard since 1962. Crown Prince Abdullah has participated in shaping the Kingdom's Development Plans and plays an active role in governing the country. He has contributed to consolidating the Kingdom's position as a moderator and arbitrator in regional politics.96`
Prince Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz has been Second Deputy Prime Minister since 1982 and Minister of Defense and Aviation since 1962. He has helped to build and modernize the Kingdom's armed forces and has also contributed to the development of the national airline, Saudia, into a world-class carrier. Prince Sultan has also been 1 Can active participant in the development and administrative affairs of the Kingdom-
THE LEGACY AND THE FUTURE
For centuries the people of the Arabian Peninsula have possessed a strong identity based upon their religion and independence. Today, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a modem, technologically- advanced nation with a strong sense of heritage and tradition. It is a nation deeply-rooted in the past- Strengthened by its visionary leadership and dedication, Saudi Arabia is poised for a promising future both at home and abroad, pressing vigorously forward in the service of Islam and Securing the welfare of its people.
INTRODUCTION
Islam, one of the world's great monotheistic religions, has Saudi Arabia as its heartland. The followers of Islam, called Muslims, believe in God,- in Arabic. Allah - and that Muhammad is His Prophet. Today. the worldwide community of Muslims, which embraces the people of many races and cultures, numbers approximately one billion. Historically, Saudi Arabia has occupied a special place in the Islamic world. for it is towards Makkah and Islam's most sacred shrine, the Kaabah, located in the Holy Mosque there, that Muslims throughout the world turn devoutly in prayer five times a day. An appreciation of Islamic history and culture is therefore essential for a genuine understanding of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. its Islamic heritage and its leading role in the Arab and Muslim worlds-
** THE COMING OF THE PROPHET
Around the year 570 A.D., Mohammad was born into a family of the ruling tribe of Makkah. Makkah, a caravan city in the western region of Arabia, grew around the Kaabah (the House of God), a shrine of ancient origins built by Abraham and his son Ishmael. Pre-Islamic Arabia was polytheistic and idols used to be housed in and around the Ka'abah.
Orphaned as a child, Muhammad spent several years among the Bedouins of the desert, developing a love for the rich Arabic language. As a young man, Muhammad traveled widely with the trade caravans before dedicating his lit to Islam. In 610 God revealed His word to Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel. In this way, Muhammad became the chosen bearer of the divine message and began proclaiming the oneness of God. The name of this new religion, Islam, means "submission to God" The followers of Islam are called Muslims, meaning 'those who submit".
God's message as conveyed through Muhammad was not unanimously accepted in Makkah. Pagan worshippers threatened by the new monotheistic religion and merchants anxious to preserve the profitable pilgrimage trade intensified their opposition to the followers of Islam. To foil an assassination plot against him. Muhammad and a small group of his dedicated followers emigrated to Madinah- This, the Hijrah or emigration, dates the beginning of the Islamic calendar and the history of the Islamic community. In 629, the Prophet Muhammad reentered Makkah without bloodshed, destroying the idols in the Ka!abah,.28` and the inhabitants of Makkah embraced Islam.
** THE RISE OF ISLAM
Summoned by its call, the faithful spread Islam across the Arabian Peninsula. Within a century, Islam had swept across the Middle East and North Africa. At its apogee. Islam held sway as far as Spain in the west and India and China in the east Islam introduced a comprehensive faith and a political-legal system which established order and justice.
Islam fostered the flowering of brilliant civilizations and the development of great centers of learning. It was a period of dynamism, a melding of ancient and new thought, with the Muslim world acting as the repository of knowledge and a bridge between the east and the west. Great contributions were made by Muslim scholars and artists. Islamic civilization - rich, sophisticated and varied - has taken its place among the great cultural achievements of human history. The genius of Muslim civilization set the stage for the European Renaissance.
In the 20th century, Islam has reemerged on the world stage as a major political and economic presence. Despite great changes in traditional societies as well as the demands of the contemporary age, Islam has dermonstrated its unique adaptability and grown as a dynamic and universal religion with a continued impact on world affairs. Through its emphasis on peace, equality, tolerance and justice, Islam remains a strong spiritual and moral force in many countries and societies.
** THE COMMUNITY OF THE FAITHFUL
Islam is at once a religion and a total way of life. It prescribes order for individuals, societies and governments and codifies law, family relationships, matters of business, etiquette, dress, food, hygiene and much more. The 3432;260fummah, or community of believers. is unified across national boundaries by its conscious acceptance of the oneness of God and its dedication to the teachings of Islam. There is no human hierarchy that intervenes between the individual and God; in the eyes of Islam, all people are equal.
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the Word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the Arabic language. It is the final revelation and Muhammad is the final Prophet. For 14 centuries the Holy Quran has illuminated the lives of Muslims with its eloquent message, shaping their everyday lives, anchoring them to a unique system of law and inspiring them by its guiding principles. The Sunnah (teachings and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) complements the Holy Qu'ran as it embodies his meticulously documented teachings that were preserved by his companions in a body of writings called the Hadith.
The Holy Quran and the Sunnah provide the fframework for Shari'ah, the sacred law of Islam, which governs all aspects of the public and private, social and economic, religious and political life of every Muslim.
** THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
Islam has five primary obligations, or pillars of faith, that each Muslim must fulfill in his or her lifetime. They are as follows,100` Shahadah, profession of faith. in the first pillar Of Islam. Muslims bear witness to the oneness of God by reciting the creed 'There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God! This simple yet profound statement expresses a Muslim's complete acceptance of and total commitment to Islam.
CSalah. prayer, is the second pillar. The Islamic faith is based on the belief that individuals have a direct relationship with God. The world's Muslims turn individually and collectively to Makkah, Islam's holiest city, to offer five daily prayers at dawn. noon, midafternoon, sunset and evening. In addition, Friday congregational 6,380f service is also required. Although salah can he performed alone, it is meritorious to perform it with another or with a group. It is permissible to pray at home, at work, or even outdoors; however it is recommended that Muslims perform salah in a mosque.
Zakat, almsgiving, is the third pillar. Social responsibility is considered part of ones service to God; the obligatory act of zakat enshrines this duty. Zakat prescribes payment of fixed proportions of a Muslim's possessions for the welfare of the entire community and in particular for its neediest members. It is equal lo 2.5 percent of an individual's total net worth, excluding obligations and family expenses.
Sawm, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, is the fourth pillar of Islam. Ordained in the Holy Ouran, the fast is an act of deep personal worship in which Muslims seek a richer perception of God. Fasting is also an exercise in self control whereby one's sensitivity is heightened to the sufferings of the poor. Ramadan, the month during which the Holy Ouran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, begins with the sighting of the new moon, after which abstention from eating, drinking and other sensual pleasures is obligatory from dawn to sunset.
Ramadan is also a joyful month. Muslims break their fast at sunset with a special meal, iftar, perform additional nocturnal worship, tarawih,after evening prayer, and throng the streets in moods that are festive and communal, The end of Ramadan is observed by three days of celebration called Eid Al-Fitr, the feast of the breaking of the fast Customarily, it is a time for family reunion and the favored holiday for children who receive new clothing and gifts.
Hai, the pilgrimage to Makkah, is the fifth pillar and the most significant manifestation of Islamic faith and unity in the world. For those Muslims who are physically and financially able to make the journey to Makkah, the Hai is a once in a lifetime duty that is the peak of their religious life. The Hajj is a remarkable spiritual gathering of over two million Muslims from all over the world to the holy city. In performing the Hajj, a3556` pilgrim follows the order of ritual which the Prophet Muhammad performed during his last pilgrimage.
The five pillars of Islam define the basic identity of the Muslims - their faith, beliefs and practices - and bind together a worldwide community of believers into a fellowship of shared values and concerns.
** SAUDI ARABIA: ISLAM'S HEARTLAND
Islam has profoundly affected the history and development of the Arabian Peninsula and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in particular.
In the 18th century, a religious scholar of the central Najd, Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab, joined forces with Muhammad Bin Saud, the ruler of the town of Diriyah, to bring the Najd and the rest of Arabia back to the original and undefiled form of Islam.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the heartland of Islam; the birthplace of its history, the site of the two holy mosques and the focus of Islamic devotion and prayer. Saudi Arabia is committed to preserving the Islamic tradition in all areas of government and society. Islam guides not only the lives of the people, but also the policies and functions of the government. The Holy Quran is the constitution of the Kingdom and Shari'ah (Islamic law) is the basis of the Saudi legal system. Saudi Arabia is a leader in the pursuit of worldwide Islamic solidarity. It hosts the Muslim World League and the Organization of the Islamic Conference, instututions dedicated to preserving Islamic interests.
In many respects, the Kingdom has been responsive to the needs of the Islamic world. Saudi Arabia contributes generously to the Islamic Development Fund, which provides assistance for community infrastructure projects: to the Islamic Development Bank, headquartered in Jeddah, and to the Islamic Organization for Science, Technology and Development. Saudi Arabian leaders also work tirelessly to promote peace and stability in Muslim and Arab countries and88` throughout the world.
GUARDIAN OF THE HOLY PLACES
Saudi Arabia is the home of two of Islam's holy sanctuaries: Makkah the Blessed and Madinah the Radiant The Al-aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, enclosing the place from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven, completes the trio of venerated shrines in the Islamic world.
To Saudi Arabia, caring for the holy cites of Makkah, the birthplace of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad, and Madinah, the Prophet's burial place, is a sacred trust exercised on behalf of all Muslims. Recognizing the unique and historic tradition these holy sites represent King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz adopted the official title of the 492;156fCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques as an expression of his deep sense of responsibility toward Islam. Saudi Arabia's dedication to Islam is demonstrated by its superb maintenance and expansion of the holy sites, enabling greater numbers of Muslim pilgrim to perform the Hai. 2 CThis has always been an essential priority for the Kingdom. Every year funds from the annual budget are allocated exclusively for this purpose. The Ministry of Pilgrimage, in conjunction with other government agencies, oversees the annual logistical challenge of preparing for the Hai and supports projects in the Kingdom and abroad that promote Islam's role in the community. Beginning with the late King Abdul Aziz, Saudi leaders have directed a series of ongoing projects aimed at improving the quality of accommodation, health care and other services for the pilgrims. An essential component of this policy has been the expansion of the Holy Mosque in Makkah and the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah. At the time of Saudi Arabia's unification in 1932, the Holy Mosque could accommodate 48,000 worshipers and the Prophet's Mosque 17,000. A series of expansion plans, the latest of which was completed in 1992, increased the capacity of the two holy mosques to more than one million and over half a million, respectively. Under the 2 Cpersonal direction of King Fahd, the work also improved the infrastructure and services necessary to enable the millions of pilgrims to carry out their religious observances in comfort and safety- This has included new airport and port facilities in Jeddah and other points of entry for pilgrims, Toads to Makkah and Madinah, comfortable accommodations and an extensive health care network.
As part of the Kingdom's efforts to better serve Muslim pilgrims, whose numbers are expected to continue to increase, in 1993 King Fahd restructured the Ministry of Pilgrimage and Endowments into two separate organizations - the Ministry of Pilgrimage, which deals exclusively with the Hai, and the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Call and Guidance.
The vast financial and human resources Saudi Arabia has committed to the Hajj reflect the dedication of the leadership and citizenss of the Kingdom to the service of Islam and the holy sites and to preserving them as a haven of peace for all Muslims.
'With the help of God, we will continue to honor this great trust, holding fast lo our Islamic creed and upholding its teachings. We will make every effort to strengthen our relations with our brothers in Muslim and Arab countries and we will do our utmost for the Muslim nation. ' - The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz.
CULTURE AND THE ARTS
INTRODUCTION
For thousands of years, the people of the Arabian Peninsula have been at the geographic. commercial and cultural crossroads of the world. As early as 3,000 B.C., the people of the western region of the peninsula were part of a far-reaching commercial network extending to south Asia, the Mediterranean and Egypt. The discovery some 1,900 years ago of the clockwork pattern of trade winds known as the monsoon, from the Arabic mawsim meaning reason, increased the importance of the peninsula. Trade flourished, with merchants of the peninsula acting as the vital link between India and the Far East on the one side and Byzantium and the Mediterranean states on the other. Interaction with other cultures of east and west over the centuries enriched the ancient traditions and culture of the people of the peninsula.
The introduction of Islam to the Arabian heartland in the seventh century A.D. further strengthened the region's cultural heritage. Within a century, Islam spread west to the Atlantic Ocean and as far east as the Indian subcontinent and China. With Makkah as its core, the Islamic world witnessed a flowering of culture, the sciences and the arts unparalleled in human history. Every year for the past fourteen centuries, Muslim pilgrims from around the world have traveled to Islam's holiest sites in Makkah and Madinah, helping further enrich the culture of the people of the peninsula.
With the formation of the modem Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud directed his efforts to preserving and perpetuating Arab "Mons and culture. His legendary dedication to this cause was emulated by his sons and successors at a crucial time when the nation was entering an era of rapid economic development.
That Saudi Arabia has successfully preserved and strengthened its cultural heritage while achieving the spectacular development and modernization of the past two decades is testimony to the resilience of Saudi culture and the nation's determination to cherish and protect K. Today amid the bustle of 20th century life in modem Saudi society contemporary Saudi writers look to the past for inspiration- Popular musicians incorporate ancient rhythms and instruments into 11 Ctheir modem music and painters capture traditional scenes.
The accelerating pace of development in the 1970s, however, led Saudi leaders to take additional steps to preserve the nation's cultural and artistic heritage. In 1974 the General Presidency of Youth Welfare was established- One of its main functions is to strengthen an84` understanding and respect for the nation's culture and arts among the youth. In 1974. the Department of Museums and Antiquities was formed in the Ministry of Education- Today, in addition to the National Museum in Riyadh there are eleven museums throughout the Kingdom. Thousands of Saudis, particularly the younger generation, visit these museums daily to become better acquainted with their heritage.
CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
Saudi Arabia's emphasis on preserving its cultural heritage is facilitated by a variety of institutions throughout the Kingdom. First and foremost is the nation's education system. Already introduced by their families to Islamic and Arab values and traditions, young Saudis entering school are exposed to literature and the arts. Through their curricula and special events the schools instill in Saudi youths a deep respect for their past and love for their culture.
The General Presidency of Youth Welfare (GPYW) sponsors a wide variety of cultural3532` programs, including literary and drama clubs, folklore classes, library events, arts and crafts as well as science projects. In the drama clubs participants engage in writing competitions and dramatic performances as part of a team- The nine literary clubs throughout the Kingdom sponsor lectures and symposiums and encourage talented young writers. Similar clubs offer Saudis the opportunity to develop other artistic talents. The GPYW is also very active in national and international cultural events, such as poetry competitions, essay competitions, calligraphy and 1 Cart exhibits to name a few. The organization sponsors a series of regular exhibitions, literary readings and symposiums at its regional offices and at its Riyadh headquarters. It also sponsors the participation of Saudis in international arts and cultural events.
Another organization involved in arts and culture is the Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and Arts, which was founded in 1972 and is affiliated with the GPYW. Divided into six committees - cultural, theatrical, music and vocal arts folklore, arts, information and publishing - its mandate includes sponsoring Saudi artists and providing avenue for these new talents to develop and display their skills. In addition the society has established a library and an information center, as well as the Kingdom's first cultural center, located in Riyadh.
The King Faisal Foundation promotes Arab and Islamic culture both within the country and abroad. The Riyadh-based organization awards an annual King Faisal International Prize to individuals who have promoted literature. The King Fahd Library in Riyadh has one of the largest collection of rare manuscripts on Arabic and Islamic literature and the arts and is a premiere research facility in the Middle East.
JENADRIYAH HERITAGE AND CULTURE FESTIVAL
In 1985, the first Saudi National Heritage and Culture Festival was held in Jenadriyah near Riyadh The annual event organized by the National Guard under the patronage of the King epitomizes Saudi Arabia's commitment to preserving and exploring its culltural heritage. For two weeks out of the year, the festival provides over a million Saudis with a glimpse into the past- A traditional camel race opens the festival which2` encompasses almost every aspect of Saudi Arabia's culture and heritage. Artisans, such as potters, woodworkers and weavers demonstrate their traditional crafts in small shops with typical palm-frond-roofed porches.
During the course of the festival, folklore troupes perform the Ardha and other national dances, while singers from around the Kingdom perform traditional songs and music. Literary figures from across the country participate in poetry competitions between contemporary poets reciting historic verses. A permanent heritage village has now been erected at Jenadriyah-
ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE
Historic preservation is an essential element of Saudi Arabian culture. Today the Kingdom's archaeological heritage is safeguarded by the Department of Museums and Antiquities which has excavated, catalogued and preserved pre- historic and historic sites. Important archaeological work is also carried out by the Department of Archaeology at King Saud University in Riyadh.
Diriyah, the ancestral home of the Al-Saud family and the first capital of the Saudi state, was a major restoration project undertaken by the Kingdom's archaeologists. Other projects include the ancientsites at Fau, Madain Saleh, Al-Ula, Tayma, Duma and along the Darb Zuhaydah, the pilgrimage road to Makkah.
As the birthplace of Islam special emphasis is placed on preserving the Kingdom's Islamic archaeological heritage. In addition to the Holy Mosque in Makkah and the Prophets Mosque in Madinah, a large number of mosques around the Kingdom, such as those built by the first caliphs after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, have been meticulously restored.
The recent restoration of the od Qasr Al-Hokm area in Riyadh is indicative of the Kingdom's commitment to preserve and cherish its cultural heritage for the benefit of its citizens- Similar restoration work of the old city quarters has been undertaken in Jeddah, Hail and other cites around the Kingdom.
FOLK MUSIC AND DANCE
A living part of the county's ancient heritage, Saudi Arabia's music and traditional dance echo the timeless melodies of chanting Bedouin poets and singing swordsmen. Folklore music varies from region to region. The national dance of Saudi Arabia, the men's sword dance known as Ardha, has its roots in the Najd. It is an ancient tradition that combines singers, dancers and a poet or narrator. Men carriying swords stand shoulder to shoulder and, from their midst a poet begins to sing verses or a short melodic line while drummers beat out the rhythm In the Hijaz, the al- sihba folk music combines poetry and songs of Arab Andalusia in medieval Spain. A traditional dance and song known as the al-mizmar is also performed in Makkah. Madinah and Jeddah. This features the music of the al-mizmar, a woodwind instrument similar to the oboe.
Since the early 1980s the Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and the Arts has been studying and recording folk music and dance traditions in the Kingdom. The producers of a popular television show "Folk Arts" have also traveled around the country interviewing local musicians and recording the music and dance of every tribe and village.
Today, there are over 50 folklore dance and music groups in the Kingdom. Popular contemporary Saudi singers value the classical music traditions that have influenced their work and are skilled at incorporating ancient rhythms and instruments, such as the tar and the oud, into their modem music.
TRADITIONAL DRESS AND JEWELRY
Saudi Arabia's dress is one of its strongest ties to the past and reflects the challenging environment, Nth and value of its people. The practicality of loose. flowing garments in a hot wind-swept climate was reinforced by the Islamic ideals of propriety dress and conduct.
Today, as in antiquity, men wear a thawb, a simple, ankle length shirt of wool or cotton. Traditional headwear includes a ghutra, a large diagonally-folded cotton square worn over a kufiyyah (skull cap) and held in place by an igaal, a double-coiled cord circlet. A flowing floor-length outer cloak, known as a bisht, is generally made of wool or camel hair in black, beige, brown or cream tones.
The woman's traditional dress displays regional and tribal motifs and is embellished with coins, sequins. metallic thread or brilliantly colored fabric 6;352fappliques. The classic headdress is a.shayla - a scarf of black gauzy fabric wrapped around the head and secured by a variety of head circlets, hats or jewelry. An abaya, a black outer cloak, is customarily worn over the dress in public.
Fine embroidery of clothes and the waving ofelaborately-designed textiles have also been long practiced in the peninsula. Designs used in tent coverings saddlebags and carpets vary from region to region.
Jewelry has been an essential element of Arabian dress for thousands of years. Typically made of silver or silver alloy, traditional bracelets, rings , necklaces and head ornaments are characterized 308fby their impressive size, bold designs and hand-crafted appearance. The jewelry is often embellished with semi-precious stones, corals,beads and coins.
CALLIGRAPHY
Arabic calligraphy dates back approximately 1,400 years to the first century of Islam. Historically, the primary subject matter for calligraphy has been the Holy quran. Characterized as the quintessential Islamic art form, calligraphy is a revered art in Saudi Arabia.
Saudi museums collect and display rare manuscripts and other organizations commission works of calligraphy, provide training in the art form, and hold competitions to foster a new generation of young artists. Today, calligraphy is a dominant theme in metal work, ceramics, glass, textiles, painting and sculpture throughout Saudi Arabia. Inscriptions ran be found adorning the interior walls of mosques, as well as public and private office buildings and homes.
ARCHITECTURE
As a part of the Kingdom's interest in preservation, contemporary Saudi architects are increasingly using traditional Islamic concepts in building designs. Historically, building designs and materials were dictated by the climate, geography and resources of the various regions. Adobe was a mainstay of traditional builders in Riyadh, the Najd and parts of the Eastern Province due to its malleability. availability and insulation qualities. In western Saudi Arabia stone and red brick are common construction materials. In Jeddah, coral taken from the Red Sea reefs is used.
Today Saudi architects have been instrumental in preserving the Kingdom's architectural integrity. as well as in revitalizing traditional building designs. Utilizing elements of traditional architecture in the design of new structures strengthens the link between the country's architectural past and its innovative future.
Researchers at various universities. such as the King Faisal University, analyze and draft suggestions for the architectural development of various regions throughout the Kingdom based on studies of traditional architecture. King Saud University and the King Khafid International Airport are two striking examples of just how well traditional Islamic design and modem structure can be combined.
The efforts of the government and local organizations have resulted in the preservation of Saudi Arabia's rich heritage and a greater appreciation among young Saudis that promises to ensure that the Kingdom's cultural and artistic treasures will be cherished by future generations-
ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
Saudi Arabia's economic system is based on free and private enterprise. Saudi citizens have the opportunity to initiate and participate in economic activities and reap the rewards of their enterprise and hard work. Respect for private property, freedom to engage in the economic field of an 88findividuals choice and encouragement of private investment in the development of the nation are principles upheld by Islam and observed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-
Opportunities for economic growth have increased steadily over the decades since King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud founded the Kingdom in 1932. At that time, prospects for growth and development seemed limited- There were no airports and the only seaports dealt primarily with pilgrimage travel. Transportation between cities separated by miles of barren desert was on rough unpaved roads. Agriculture was limited and industry was almost nonexistent The annual pilgrimage of Muslims to the Holy Cities of Makkah and Madinah represented a primary source of revenue.
Undaunted by these obstacles, the visionary King Abdul Aziz began to make plans for the laying down of the country's, infrastructure. Addressing the most fundamental concerns, - education, health, transportation, agriculture and industry -he initiated the remarkable development that continues today. This development was enhanced by the discovery of oil in the 1930s.
Having invested approximately 900 billion U.S.dollars in developing its social and economic structure, Saudi Arabia has undergone a remarkable transformation over the relatively short time span of six decades. Where it once was forced to import all of the manufactured products it consumed, Saudi Arabia now has a vast industrial base and its factories supply a large portion of the needs of the countrys domestic markets. Fishing villages on the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf that were once a collection of huts have been transformed into bustling centers of industry, producing and exporting everything from petrochemicals to electronics to over 70 countries. One of the fastest developing courtries in the world, Saudi Arabia is the most dynamic economic 4fpower in the Arab world and ranks 20th globally in the size of its economy.
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
By the 1960s, Saudi Arabia had made major advances in many areas. Roads were established, a modem educational system introduced, health care improved, agriculture expanded and factories built Although the economy was largely reliant on oil revenues, Saudi leaders resolved to bring about basic improvements in the country's economic structure The objective was to diversify the economy away from oil into other fields.
Achievement of such an economic transformation required deliberate planning and 11 Ccareful implementation of a development program with clearly defined objectives. The quest for economic development and growth began in earnest with the introduction of the First Development Plan in 1970. This was the first of a series of five-year plans, each considered a step that has to be taken before the economy can ascend to the next, and higher level.
The first phase of this process was to establish an infrastructure that could support a modem economic base. The next was to develop the human resources necessary to help bring about the planned economic transformation. Finally, the focus could shift to economic diversificafion, including expansion of the industrial, agricultural and other sectors, which is now well-advanced.
The establishment of the physical infrastructure was accomplished in stages during the first three development plans. As the infrastructure was taking shape, the government launched a major effort to expand the industrial base. This was done along two separate, but parallel, courses. One aimed at the expansion of the country's oil industry and the other at establishing a modem non-oil industrial sector.
In addition to optimizing revenues from Saudi oil Cproduction, the modem oil industry plays an equally important role in the development of the non-oil industrial sector by providing the raw materials and feedstock that would facilitate this growth.
By 1985, with most of the physical infrastructure in place, attention shifted to diversifying economic sources. 'Our economic policy is based on lessening our dependence on the export of crude oil as the sole source of income to the state.' emphasized the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd Sin Abdul Aziz-
Both the Fourth Development Plan (1985-89) and the Fifth Development Plan (1 990-94) emphasized strengthening the growing private sector and increasing the efficiency of the industrial sector.
Throughout the course of the development plans, Saudi Arabia's steady but dramatic industrial and economic transformation has been accomplished through the careful guidance and active support of the government To judge the success of this effort one need only consider that between 1970 and 1992, Saudi Arabia's gross domestic product (GDP) increased three-fold to 112.98 billion dollars and that the non-oil sectors share of GOP increased from 46 percent to 67 percent.
INDUSTRIAL CITIES
The Kingdom's policy for ensuring the growth of the non-di industrial sector focuses on3656` establishing industries that use the country's abundant and inexpensive supplies of petroleum products,petrochemicals and minerals. Petrochemical and other oil-based industries were concentrated at new industrial cities. These plants use natural gas and natural gas liquids that were previously flared, as well as refined products from the oil industry to manufacture products that would in turn feed non-oil industries. Concentration on industrial plants in specific areas also facilitates the provision of vital support services, such as water, power and transportation.
Eight industrial cities have been built, with the two principal ones at Jubail on the Arabian Gulf and Yanbu on the Red Sea. Others are scattered across the Kingdom. These sites were chosen for4` their proximity to sources of raw materials and ease of access to major domestic and international consumer markets. Al have been built with emphasis on environmental and wildlife conservation.
Jubail is the largest industrial city. It accommodates more than 30,000 workers and has 15 major plants and other industrial facilities, as well as a dedicated desalination plant a vocational training institute and a college. Yanbu is a major industrial site with a modem port from which products manufactured locally and in other areas of the Kingdom are exported. There are three major refineries, a petrochemical complex and many manufacturing and support enterprises.
The Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) plays a central role in encouraging private sector participation in the nation's economic growth. Established in 1976 by the government as a shareholding company with an initial capital of 2.66 billion U.S. dollars, SABIC quickly became Me backbone of Saudi Arabia's successful industrialization. By 1994, SABIC had 15 major Marts operating in the industrial cities of Jubail. Yanbu and Jeddah, and a 16th under construction with an annual production of 13 million tons of chemicals, plastics, industrial gases, steel and other metals. Some of these products are sold on domestic and international markets. Others are used as feedstock by secondary and support industries lo produce consumer goods. These industries, all owned and operated by the private sector, produce a variety of consumer and industrial goods.
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
The government plays an essential role in Cindustrial and economic development The Ministry of Planning assists in formulating the five-year development plans that set long-term economic goals. The Ministry Os Finance and National Economy supervises implementation of the nation's economic policies. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, the nation's central bank, oversees the country's fiscal policy.
To facilitate the expansion of the private sector's role in the national economy, the government has 1 Cestablished five specialized credit institutions which provide economic opportunities to many Saudis who were previously unable to compete in the marketplace.
In 1974. the Saudi Industrial Development Fund (SIDF) was the first government agency set up to provide interest-free soft loans to enable Saudi businessmen to establish industrial plants. By 1992, the fund had lent a total of 5.78 billion dollars. These loans can be used to finance up to 50 percent of the capital for a new factory. SIDF loans have helped launch 1,216 new factories and expand 316 existing facilities.
Since it was founded in 1963, the Saudi Agricultural Bank has provided 7.06 billion dollars worth of loans for agricultural projects, ban machinery and production requirements. The Real Estate Development Fund has been financing residential and commercial construction since 1974. By the end of 1992, total loan commitments amounted to 27.06 billion dollars. Unique in the world, the fund provides interest-free loans that are repayable in 25 years-Launched in 1971, the Public Investment Fund offers credit to public and semi-public corporations. By 1992, loan commitments equaled approximately 17.2 billion dollars. The Saudi Credit Bank was founded in 1973 to provide personal loans for home repair, as well as vocational and crafts training. Loans committed by the end of 1992 amounted to 1.14 billion dollars. In addition to the specialized credit institutions, the government offers an array of incentives to the private sector. A sweeping reduction in utility and public service fees, implemented in early 1992, lowered operating and production costs for private companies, making their products more competitive with foreign goods.
Private entrepreneurs are also given access to government information systems specifically created to help local manufacturers target the best market for their products. Government agencies such as the Saudi Consulting House provide fin consulting and support services and publish lists of investment opportunities for the production of goods in demand in Saudi Arabia.
Government tenders also give priority to locally manufactured products and to Saudi companies. Saudi industries are also exempted from paying customs duties on the import of machinery and supplies used in the production of goods domestically. To facilitate the transfer of technology and expand the operations of the private sector. the government also provides various incentives to foreign companies that enter into joint ventures with Saudi firms.
SAUDI CONSULTING HOUSE
PO Box 1267
Riyadh 11431
Saudi Arabia
tel: 966-1-448-4533
fax- 966-1-448-1234
e-mail-. Saudi.Consulting.House@dm.krinfo.ch
The Saudi Consulting House (SCH) is a government consulting corporation which was established in 1967. Its mission is to provide support to the industrial sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its activities include:
• identifying new opportunities for industrial investment
• conducting studies for the expansion of existing
industrial projects:
• conducting industrial surveys:
• providing technical advice to Saudi industrial projects both during construction and operation;
• providing professional advice to government agencies upon request
• providing technical services to Saudi industrial firms in such areas as quality control,
marketing, and cost reduction-
• disseminating information to Saudi industrialists.
Development Plan (1990-94). have clearly had the desired result Between 1972 and 1992, the Private sector's value of output rose from 2.08 billion dollars to 44.26 billion dollars. Industrial goods Produced by this sector totaled 10,6 billion dollars, 2.6 billion dollars of which was exported. During the past decade, the private sector has 1836;164fcontributed more to the country's GDP than has the oil sector. Also, the country has seen a decrease in imports, directly proportional to an increase in domestic production.
OIL INDUSTRY
Saudi Arabia possesses a quarter of the world's proven oil reserves and is the largest exporter of oil. Recent exploration by Saudi Aramco has led to new discoveries of fight crude and natural gas, increasing the countrys proven reserves to 260.1 billion barrels of crude oil and 181.65 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
To optimize revenues from oil production, Saudi Arabia has continuously expanded and upgraded existing refineries and built new ones. There are 6;112fnow nine refineries with a capacity of more than 1.8 million barrels per day.
Saudi Aramco is rapidly becoming a fully integrated company involved in crude oil production domestic and international refining, as well as the shipping and marketing of both crude oil and petroleum products.
BANKING
Commercial banking has undergone tremendous growth during the course of the country's development Total assets of the banking system increased from less than 720 million dollars in 1971 to 73.3 billion dollars by 1992, while the number of branches grew from 65 to more than 1,100. The rapid expansion of deposits has allowed the banking system to take on a leading role in marshalling Saudi financial resources to fund the expanding activities of the private sector. Since 1990, some Saudi banks have as much as tripled their domestic loan portfolios. Outstanding loans amounted to 22.08 billion dollars in 1992.
TRADE
Saudi Arabia is the 19th largest exporter and the 20th largest import market in the world. Exports, which have increased tenfold during the last two decades to 47.7 billion dollars in 1992, now represent all economic sectors. Annual non-oil exports have increased from 7.46 million dollars in 1970 to 4.08 billion dollars at the beginning of 1992. Statistics indicate that industrial exports between 1984 and 1992 increased sevenfold for manufactured and metal products, twofold for plastics and chemicals, 21- fold for textiles and sevenfold for processed foods.
Saudi Arabia's growth will continue under the Sixth Development Plan (1995-99) and beyond. The plan calls for expanding the private sector and increasing the efficiency of existing services. It also provides for improving the quality of education to enable future generations of citizens to better contribute to their country's continued development.
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Prepared by Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to United Nations