Introduction to Christian Identity

Christian Identity is a name given to a complex, highly varied, and not well-organized movement. The most fundamental teaching pivots on the idea that Anglo-Saxons, are the direct descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel and, thus, are the "true choosen people" of God.

The roots of Christianit Identity are found in the British-Israelism Movement of the mid-19th Century. This movement did not start as a hate group, nor did its leaders preach violence. As Christian Identity took shape in the U.S. during the early decades of the 20th Century, it was influenced by American Nativism, the Ku Klux Klan, and various strands of anti-semitism. Today, most people who know anything about the Christian Identity Movement associate it with preaching hate and condoning or advocating violence against minorities, especially Jews.

People also tend to assume that Christian Identity and the "Militia Movement" are different names for the same phenomenon. While there clearly are ties, this is an oversimplification. Some Christian Identity groups emphatically disassociate themselves from the Militia and other Christian Identity groups that preach hate.

This page is a beginning effort to trace the roots of the Christian Identity movement and to present systematic information on the broad array of groups that both identify themselves, and are generally perceived by others, as part of the Christian Identity Movement. This page is organized into four distinct segments:

First, we present a Profile of the Christian Identity Movement. Second, we explore the movement's roots in British-Israelism. We then examine two groups that illustrate the enormous diversity for the Christian Identity Movement: the Aryan Nations and Bible Restoration Ministeries. The Aryan Nation falls on the more extreme end of the racism and anti-semitism continuumn, while Bible Restoration Ministries is a surviving remnant of the British-Israelism tradition that follows the teachings of Howard Rand.

We also offer a substantial set of links to groups that are a part of the Christian Identity Movement as well as those who stand in opposition of the tradition. And, as with other Profile pages, we offer a print bibliography of literature that will enrich the reader's understanding of this movement. In the future, we plan to add profiles of other Identity groups and explore their relationship to the Militia Movement.

Group Profile: Christian Identity Movement

1. Name: Christian Identity Movement

2. Founder: There is no single founder for this movement. Because of its diverse membership, the movement has developed over a period of time of almost 70 years and is still changing. Three of the key players in the founding are John Wilson, Edward Hine, and Howard Rand. The history of this movement began with British-Israelism and Reverend John Wilson and Edward Hine. It further developed into the Identity Movement when Howard Rand converted to British-Israelism and later founded the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America. Rand was one of the key players in bringing racist beliefs and supremist ideals to the group.

3. Date of Birth: The birth date of Reverend Wilson is unknown, Edward Hine was born in 1825, and Howard Rand was born in 1889.

4. Birth Place: Wilson was born in Ireland, Hine was born in England, and Rand was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts.

5. Year Founded: Rand founded the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America in 1930. This organization led to the development of the current Identity Movement with the help of Wesley Swift. Swift was a member of the KKK when he joined the group and founded his own church called the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, which later developed into Aryan Nations.

6. History: The Christian Identity Movement largely developed out of the religious concept of British-Israelism. It is a movement composed primarily of conservative Christian groups who all believe to some extent that white, Anglo-Saxon's are the true chosen people of God. People holding these beliefs do so in different ways; some simply provide information such as literature, videotapes, and lectures for people wishing to learn more about the movement. Others have set up their own congregations or organizations where these Identity beliefs are taught and practiced.

   British-Israelism originated around 1840 with John Wilson's publication of a piece titled "Lectures on our Israelitish Origin." At this time, there was no real element of violence or racism involved. It was simply a group who believed for religious reasons in the white race as the "direct descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel." This belief of being the chosen people was not new, as the Puritans of the 17th century also held this belief (The Anglo-Israelites:1). The difference, however, can be found in the reasoning behind the British belief. These British-Israelis believed that their ancient people had divided into two regions, one became known as the Jews and the other was "lost." These lost people encompass the true people of God, and include the Anglo-Saxons. Over time, however, the Christian Identity Movement has begun to encompass racist and supremist ideals, which at times have led to violence.

   Much of the racist teachings began with an American named Howard Rand. Rand was a second-generation British-Israelite, and as such, had grown up believing he needed to share the message with everyone (Barkun:29). Rand wanted to expand these beliefs to everyone he could, and to do this he began by creating the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America in 1930. He traveled all over, holding meetings and recruiting people. A person who would become important to the development of the movement met Rand at one of these such meetings. This man was William Cameron. Cameron had been a writer for Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company, and had the means and the connections to begin publishing the "Bulletin," which developed into a magazine promoting these beliefs, titled "Destiny" (Barkun:32). Cameron worked with Rand to bring more of the political right to the movement, and as this began occurring, feelings of anti-Semitism and racism entered the movement. These new members were often members of the Ku Klux Klan or involved in Nazism when they joined this new movement. It was at this time that the group began to develop more into the Identity movement of today, as opposed to the British-Israelism as it originated in Europe. Rand also believed that the movement began at a conducive time for a huge increase in members. This was because it was during the Depression. People were looking for a way to improve their lifestyles, and for the movement to say they are the chosen people was highly encouraging and inviting (Barkun:44).

   By the end of the 1930's, what began as a primarily British movement had moved to contain mostly American ideals (Barkun:47). It also experienced a change in location and leadership. Rand had begun his missionizing in Massachusetts, but the movement slowly moved west. One of the next prominent leaders was Wesley Swift. Swift was a huge player in the change from British-Israelism to the Christian Identity Movement. He came from the political right and wished to add a "demonic anti-Semitism and political extremism" (Barkun 61) to the current movement. Swift was born in 1913 and began his involvement in Los Angeles where he attended a Bible college and then remained. In the mid-1940's, Swift founded his own church in Lancaster, California, called the Anglo-Saxon Christian Congregation, which later developed into the Church of Jesus Christ Christian (Barkun:63). Swift was also known to have been involved with the Ku Klux Klan at this time. After Swift's death in 1970, Richard Butler continued his services at the Church of Jesus Christ Christian until he established the Aryan Nations in Idaho. This was a white supremacist group who, still today, claims to be fighting a "race war."

   As racist teachings became part of the Identity Movement, violence came to be viewed as an appropriate mode of action. Before the Identity Movement developed in the United States, nativism was a growing movement. Protestant Americans have always held themselves in high regard as the true people, and this view developed more and more as conflict in the states grew. In 1865, the Ku Klux Klan was founded largely to enforce white supremacy and keep the American south "safe." Nativism as a religious belief had slowly changed to a racial one. Instead of just promoting Christianity, there was now an element of "white Christianity" to protect. These views continued into the time of British-Israelism's move to the United States. The Ku Klux Klan was founded before the Identity Movement came to the United States, but developed as nativism moved from a religious ideal to a racial one. British-Israelism experienced the same move from solely a religious doctrine to a racial ideology, as well. As this move took place, salvation came to be viewed in racial terms alone (Minges: 4). These racial ideals are evident in other acts of violence committed in the past 60 years. The Oklahoma City bombing and the abortion clinic bombing in Alabama are examples where racial teachings not just religious, have played a huge role. Oftentimes, it is not the movement itself which gets involved in these crimes, but rather adherents to the movement. Oftentimes adherents, even if they are convicted, do not see themselves as breaking the law, for they believe they are following God's law.

   Other Contemporary Issues and Some Solutions:
   

   Other incidents throughout the last several decades have also included a touch of racism. As these racist attitudes have come to the surface, however, this movement has become much more controversial. Anti-cult groups have developed to counter the violent teachings, as well as the numerous articles that have been written in response to the racist/supremacist teachings. Several cities have also formed organizations to deal peaceably with these problems in their own areas. In Tallahassee, Florida, a town forum was held in September of 1998 to address these issues of race relations. A watch group in Florida has identified 48 hate groups, which include 19 Ku Klux Klan groups and 9 Neo-Nazi groups (Hauserman: 1). This is an example of one way in which states have begun to combat the problems sometimes caused by these supremacist groups. Another place where incidents have arisen is in Stamford, Connecticut. Julie Baskin Brooks' son was confronted by a group of boys claiming he was no good because of his race. The mother developed, as a result of this incident, a new tool kit on racial and diversity differences for children and their parents. It was first offered early in the summer of 1998 and is an attempt to help people become more aware of racial problems in their societies (Associated Press 1). This is just one example of how the racist ideas from this movement are being passed down to children and influencing kids' lives. One last example of a way in which people are trying to combat these Identity beliefs can be found in Idaho. On July 18, 1998 Aryan Nations held a parade in honor of their supremacist views. The town in which it was held combatted the parade by pledging money and writing letters expressing concern about hate groups. The money donated was given to a human rights program and is another example of peacefully fighting these supremacist teachings and ideals.

7. Sacred or Revered Texts: Bible

8. Cult or Sect:
Negative sentiments are typically implied when the concepts "cult" and "sect" are employed in popular discourse. Since the Religious Movements Homepage seeks to promote religious tolerance and appreciation of the positive benefits of pluralism and religious diversity in human cultures, we encourage the use of alternative concepts that do not carry implicit negative stereotypes. For a more detailed discussion of both scholarly and popular usage of the concepts "cult" and "sect," please visit our Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect" page, where you will find additional links to related issues.
9. Size of Group: Cannot be known because of the diversity of the adherents to the group.

Beliefs of the Christian Identity Movement

"A very conservative interpretation of the Christian Bible."


"A view of the white race, the 'Adamic race' or 'True Isaelites' as superior. Other races are the 'Satanic spawn' of Cain."


The belief that Adam and Eve were white. "Other 'pre-Adamic' and non-white people were already in existence when Adam was created. This leads to the belief that Anglo-Saxon Protestants are the 'true identity' of God's chosen people of the Hebrew Scriptures."


"That the Commandment which forbids adultery does not refer to extra-marital sexual relationships. Rather, it forbids 'racial adultery'; i.e. inter-racial marriages. Their reasoning is that the 10th Commandment which forbids coveting one's neighbor's possessions already bans adultery; one of those possession's is the neighbor's wife. And God would not have repeated Himself."


"They consider themselves to be the direct descendants of God's chosen people; they regard the Jewish people as imposters. This has led to an extreme anti-Semitism within the Christian Identity Movement."

Group Profile: British-Israelism

1. Name: British(Anglo)-Israelism

2. Founder: Reverend John Wilson

3. Date of Birth: unknown

4. Birth Place: Ireland

5. Year Founded: This movement was brought to the United States in 1884 by Edward Hine. He had recently published a book titled Forty-Seven Identifications of the British Nation with the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, which quickly gathered a following. Hine took the movement to the United States to reveal to Americans their true identities (The Anglo-Israelites: 2).

6. History: British-Israelism began in 1840 with John Wilson. Wilson published a piece titled "Lectures on our Israelitish Origin," and brought the ideas of British-Israelism to a much larger audience. Wilson believed that the Europeans of the time (Anglo-Saxons) had descended from several Scythian tribes, who, in turn, had descended from the 10 Lost Tribes of Israel. This was the first time a belief like this had gathered followers. It did not become a religious movement as we think of one, however, until Edward Hine began his missionizing.

   Hine became a believer of this perspective in 1840 after hearing a lecture by John Wilson (Barkun, 199X: 10). Later, Hine's views differed from Wilson. He believed that the ancient Israelites had divided into two regions as the result of a battle. The southern region broke free and became known as the Jews, while the northern region taken into captivity by the Assyrians were "lost" (The Anglo-Israelites: 2). Not until around Hine's time did people believe that the lost tribes of the Old Testament might be found.

   Hine and his followers did not believe in anti-Semitism, but rather they wanted the Anglo-Saxon people to one day join the tribes of Judah and Levi (Jews) in the Holy Land. He believed that this joining would be the beginning for the second coming of Christ.

   In 1874, Hine published a book entitled Forty-Seven Identifications of the British Nation with the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, which stated that the British empire of the time was equal to the biblical Israel from the Old Testament. In 1884, Hine decided that he wanted to take the movement to the United States to reveal to the Americans their true identity. His plan did not work as well as he hoped, because he really gained almost no followers, but he had planted the idea for possible future use.

   By the 1920's, a man named Howard Rand had converted to Anglo-Israelism and in 1928 became the National Commissioner of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America. Rand became an important publisher and writer for the group, creating Destiny Publishers in 1937, which still publishes some of his work.

   Gradually, Rand's writings began to take on an anti-semitic quality. He believed that not only had the Jews been separated from ancient Israel, but they had also departed from the true tribes and were not really God's chosen people anymore (The Anglo-Israelites: 2). His teachings were based on biblical interpretations from the Old Testament and did not appear to differ much from mainstream Christianity. Eventually much more radical views of his teachings were combined with the beliefs of other radical exclusionist groups and the Christian Identity Movement began to take shape.

7. Sacred or Revered Texts: Bible (mostly Old Testament)

8. Cult or Sect: Hine's version of British-Israelism never organized itself as either a sect or a cult. Believers kept their memberships with their churches and did not have to break these as they were exposed to British-Israelism ideas.

9. Size of Group: Because of the group's nature, its size is unknown. An article by Gayle White of The Atlanta Constitution estimates that the numbers may range from 2,000-100,000. Obviously, such a wide variance provides little help in estimating the size of the group.

Beliefs of the Group

British-Israelism taught that the white, Anglo-Saxon people of mostly European descent were the true chosen people of Israel. This quality of "chooseness" did not carry strong racist sentiment. Rather, followers of British-Israelism believed that God had simply made promises to them as the chosen people, and united in this belief. It was a simple theological doctrine. Raw racism did not enter the group until members of the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi supremacist groups joined and, as a consequence, contributed significantly to the development of the Christian Identity Movement.

For more detailed information, see the British-Israelism page on this site.

Group Profile: The Aryan Nations

1. Founder: Wesley Swift with the founding of the Church of Jesus Christ Christian.

2. Date of Birth: 1913

3. Birth Place: New Jersey

4. Year Founded: The Church of Jesus Christ Christian was founded in 1946, this developed into the Aryan Nations around the 1960's.

5. History: Wesley Swift was a member of the Ku Klux Klan and connected to Nazism when he founded the Church of Jesus Christ Christian in 1946. This church began gathering followers, one of whom was Richard Butler. Butler and Swift became close friends, and Butler studied under Swift until Swift's death in 1971. After his death, Butler continued the services of the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, but soon moved to Idaho to found Aryan Nations (The Identity Movement 3). This was a group that soon gathered followers who were skinheads, Nazi supremacists, and members of the KKK. It quickly developed into a group that tried to spread their white supremacist beliefs about who were the true descendants of Israel to all the world. They are still today fighting what they call a "race war" and waiting for their true race to be preserved and saved.

6. Sacred or Revered Texts: Bible

7. Cult or Sect: Could be considered a sect, in that it developed out of the Church of Jesus Christ Christian after Swift's death.

8. Size of Group: unknown

Beliefs of the Group

Members of Aryan Nations believe that they are the true chosen people of Israel, and that they are working towards the gathering of their "true" people for Jesus Christ. They feel that they are under an obligation to preserve their race as the one, true race of the world (Aryan Nations: 1). They feel that Adam was of the white race, and that not everyone descended from him, and therefore not everyone is of the true race. The Bible is used to enforce many of the Aryan Nations beliefs, such as that the Bible was written for Abraham and his family. They believe that this relates back to Adam, and in turn, back to them. People of other races are descendants from Cain, who is really a descendant of Satan. They believe Eve seduced Satan, and this resulted in the birth of Cain (Aryan Nations: 2). Wesley Swift and Richard Butler both began to include racism and anti-semitism in their doctrines, and this is still a prominent belief today. The Jews are of a lower class and stem from Eve's original sin, as do all non-white races.

Inter-racial marriage is clearly unacceptable. Coming soon for these people is the end of the race war (Aryan Nations: 2). This is the war that will eventually leave the white race on top. They feel that Christ's Kingdom will eventually be established here on earth, and will throw out all other races who are not worthy of God's love. This group feels that their beliefs all stem from love. This is the force behind their beliefs, and even though to others it seems to be hate-based, they proclaim again and again that it is their love for their race and nation that backs these beliefs. One of their goals is to teach every child of this race who they really are, and to help unite the people of Anglo-Saxon descent in this "race war."

Due to this strong belief in continuing their race, people of the Aryan Nations highly regard family life. Both men and women realize that children are the future and teaching them these beliefs is the way to succeed. Women are treated with respect, as are the men, and both girls and boys are "educated spiritually, mentally, and physically for the service of the Race so that our Race may fulfill its manifest destiny and purpose" (Aryan Nations-The Aryan Warrior: 11). They learn to obey, as well as to go out into the community to share their ideas. They are also taught the idea of racial unity and the words of God.

The emblem that can be seen on this group's home page symbolizes their beliefs in the Lord and their complete eventual union with Him, as vengeance is reaped upon all other races who did not originate with Adam (Aryan Nations-The Aryan Warrior: 8).

Group Profile: Bible Restoration Ministeries

1. Founder: Wilbur C. Dendel

2. Date of Birth: unknown

3. Birth Place: Michigan

4. Year Founded: The first formal worship service was held in 1933 for the congregation known as "Royal Oak Bible Society."

5. History: This ministry has closely followed the history of the Identity Movement as a whole. They have shared many of the same founding beliefs and practices. This ministry, however, has kept many of the original British-Israelism beliefs, rather than leaning toward the more violent ways of today's movement. Many of the meetings of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America founded by Rand were held in Detroit (BRM-History of Anglo-Israel: 4). Out of these meetings, numerous congregations developed and flourished. Woodward Avenue Baptist was the largest Anglo-Israel congregation in the world. It was founded in 1860 in Detroit. During World War I, the church had over 1,500 members, and often had leaders of the movement such as Rand and Cameron speak during services (BRM-History of Anglo-Israel 4). Bible Restoration Ministries began as a bible study group in this same area in the 1880's. It slowly developed into the congregation it is today, which holds services weekly to proclaim the British-Israelism truth still relevant today. The church that services are held in was established July 4, 1981 (BRM-Church History: 1). The first formal worship service was held in 1933 in the home of Wilbur Dendel. In 1934, the congregation was chartered as a branch of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of American by Howard Rand (BRM-Church History: 1).

6. Sacred or Revered Texts: Bible

7. Cult or Sect: Can be considered a sect of British-Israelism in America, especially in Michigan.

8. Size of Group: unknown

Beliefs of Bible Restoration Ministeries

This group believes that God is sovereign over all things, and that the world was preconceived before it was created. They believe that people who believe in Christ as messiah are the chosen people.

They believe that the Bible is the word of God and is divinely inspired. They believe that each of the fulfillments and prophesies will be completed in this world, and will be perfect. They hold a belief about Israel and other nations and how they still have covenants, but we need to wait for the coming kingdom to reunite.

They believe in living Godly lives and following the commandments each and every day. They do not agree that some of God's principles are outdated; they believe in following all his lessons in order to become closer to God and more obedient in our daily lives.

They believe in the pre-existence of Christ before the world. He was living with God, the Father, before it was time for him to come to earth. The virgin birth and resurrection are all said to be true. They also believe that he will return to earth one day,and will rule on earth.

They believe that salvation is by faith alone, and works have nothing to do with it. Unless you believe in Jesus as Christ, you will not be saved.

They believe that during the final days, God will come and deliver the believers into His kingdom. All of the world will eventually be brought out of corruption; those unbelievers are not forsaken forever.

Source: Bible Restoration Ministries Statement of Faith

Links to Christian Identity Related Web Sites

The Identity Movement

Brief history and description of beliefs for the group. List of related organizations and movements and their founders.
http://www.americanreligion.org/cultwtch/identity.html

Christian Identity Movement

Brief summary of history and beliefs, plus some useful references.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/cr_ident.htm

Apocalypse Now! The Realized Eschatology of the "Christian Identity" Movement

Excellent background information as well as current information on the group today, where they came from and their beliefs for the future.
http://www.publiceye.org/pra/rightist/aarlong.html

Top of Links

Christian Identity Movement

A brief history of the movement, focus is on the Worldwide Church of God.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/anglo_is.htm

The Anglo-Israelites

An extensive article on the history of the movement.
http://www.teleport.com/~dkossy/anglo.html

"Identity: A 'Christian' Religion for White Racists"

Focus of the page is on the Christian Identity Movement, but a brief history of British-Israelism is included.
http://www.hearnow.org/id.htm

The Identity Movement

A fairly extensive history of the movement, concentrating on the people involved with a detailed sketch of Identity beliefs.
http://www.americanreligion.org/cultwtch/identity.html

Top of Links

Aryan Nations Home Page

Home page for this movement. Lots of good, detailed information on every topic imaginable.
http://www.nidlink.com/~aryanvic

Aryan Nations Parade

Background on movement with specifics about a parade held in Idaho in 1998.
http://www.murrayco.com/CDA_Parade_98.html

Aryan Nation

Library to other links and articles.
http://virtuallibrarian.com/gangs/aryannation.html

Top of Links

Bible Restoration Ministries

Bible Restoration Ministries Home Page.
http://www.restoring.org/

Top of Links

Stormfront.org - White Nationalist Resource Page

This page contains numerous resources for people trying to learn more about white nationalism; contains articles, letters, etc.
http://www.stormfront.org/defaultnf.htm

Posse Comitatus

This concept is the "basis of a federal law preventing the use of federal troops in civilian law enforcement without the express consent of the President." It also allows for citizens to carry out law enforcement.
http://www.posse-comitatus.org/

The Nizkor Project (NSWPP)

Introduction to the National Socialist White People's Party, a group based on same ideals as Aryan Nations.
http://www.nizkor.org/

Kingdom Identity Ministries

This site identifies itself as a "politically incorrect Christian Identity outreach ministry to God's chosen race."
http://www.kingidentity.com/

Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

Home page of a new branch of the KKK which seeks to provide information on the history of the Klan and other Klan groups.
http://kkk.com/

Orange Street Congregational Church

Home page of a church in London that believes all people can be saved, but the true people of Israel are Celtic-Anglo-Saxon.
http://www.orangestreet.deomn.co.uk/

Worldwide Church of God

Home page of a group with much the same history as the Identity movement.
http://www.wcg.org/

Identity: A 'Christian' Religion for White Racists

Good background history of the group's beliefs and where they developed from. Discusses the turn towards violence and goes over God's answer to racism in depth.
http://www.hearnow.org/id.htm

Office of International Criminal Justice

Page with network contacts for the Identity Movement.
http://www.acsp.uic.edu/gangs/Aryan/contacts.shtml

John Birch Society

Educational society trying to preserve freedom under the US Constitution. Willing to work to change national policy if need to.
http://www.jbs.org/jbsinfo.htm

Stone Kingdom Ministries

A ministry focusing on Christian Israel doctrine.
http://www/rust.net/~wkalivas/Stone_Kingdom/index.htm

America's Promise Ministries

This is a worldwide ministry of Identity believers promoting their beliefs through educational tapes, newsletters, etc.
http://amprom.org/

Be Wise as Serpents/International Christian Educational Services

A site to find information on issues relevant to Identity believers.
http://www.pixi.com/%7Ebewise/

Covenant Vision Ministry

A ministry focusing on the Bible and covenant.
http://www.rpi.net.au/~frank/

God's Order Affirmed in Love

A "reference library for reconstructing a National Identity for Christian Whites."
http://www.melvig.org/

Gospel Broadcasting Association

A web page that has bulletins, links, and a journal, all on Identity.
http://www,broadcaster.org/home.html

New Beginning

This site has "hard to find" tapes, charts, and maps dealing with the beginning of time.
http://www.ioa.com/home/new_beginnings/

Light of Israel Online

Provides a list of links connecting you to numerous helpful sites.
http://home.arkansasusa.com/dlackey/

Links to anti and Counter-cult Pages

HateWatch

This is a major site containing information and resources about white supremacy and how it can be combated.
http://www.hatewatch.org/identity/Christ.html

The Einsatzgruppen

A very detailed description of what Identity adherents hold to be true, with an equal contradiction as to why their beliefs fall short.
http://www.netbistro.com/electriczen/denial/ci.html

Mistaken Identity

A brief history of the group, focusing on exposing the doctrines used by Identity that are wrong. Good list of sources, articles, and books that can be used to critique the Identity group.
http://www.preteristarchive.com/Mistaken ID/index.html

Top of Links

|Christian Identity |British-Isrealism |Aryan Nations |Bible Restoration |Links |Bibliography|

---

VI. Bibliography

Aho, James. 1990.

The Politics of Righteousness. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Associated Press. 1998.

"Home is where racism gets its start." http://www.phillynews.com/daily_news/98/Aug/20/business/BIZZ20.htm. Visited: 12/8/98.

Barkun, Michael. 1997a.

Religion and the Racist Right. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Barkun, Michael. 1997b.

"Millenarians and Violence: The Case of the Christian Identity Movement," in Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements. Thomas Robbins and Susan J. Palmer, eds. New York, NY: Routledge. 247-260.

Goodstein, Laurie. 1995.

"'Agents of God' Practice a Christianity Few Would Recognize." The Washington Post. (20 May:A12).

Hauserman, Julie. 1998. "Town forums take on racism."

http://www.sptimes.com/State/90398/Town_forums_take_on_r.html. Visited: 12/8/98.

King, Wayne. 1985.

"Racist Aryan Nations Group Inducts New Disciples." The New York Times. (20 October:A31).

Melton, Gordon. 1996.

"Christian Identity Church" in Encyclopedia of American Religions. 5th ed. 539.

Taggart, Cynthia. 1998.

"Hate parade gives way to kindness." http://www.spokane.net/news-story-body.asp?Date=090298&ID;=s444453. Visited: 12/8/98.

Thomas, Judy L. 1998.

"Christian Identity Undergoes a Revival on Area, Experts Say." The Star. (2 April).

White, Gayle. 1998.

"Q&A; ON THE NEWS; Christian Identity Movement: A primer." The Atlanta Constitution. (6 March:A10).

|Christian Identity |British-Isrealism |Aryan Nations |Bible Restoration |Links |Bibliography|

---

Created by Allison Fairley
For Soc 257: New Religious Movements
Fall Term, 1998
University of Virginia
Last modified: 07/16/01