Leonidas Polk on Secession and during the War Between the States:
"There will
never be anything more interesting in America than the Civil War never."
-Gertrude Stein, in CONFEDERATES IN THE ATTIC: Dispatches from the
Unfinished Civil War, Tony Horowitz, 1999
 |
Confederate Generals, |
"The Old South
was fighting for its way of life and wanted to be left alone. But their
homeland was being invaded. Even Southerners who did not believe in
slavery, when asked what they were fighting for said, “Because
you are down here.” The invasion by the North would surely loose
God’s wrath. Their national anthem was not “Dixie”
but “God Save the South.” Episcopalian Bishop Leonidas Polk,
a West Point graduate, became a Confederate lieutenant general and along
with devout Christians R. E. Lee and T. J. Jackson intended to lead
this new Christian nation. Their battle cry, “Down with the eagle;
up with the cross” resounded throughout the Confederacy."
-http://www.signaturehouse.net/nonflashed.htm, December 13, 2004
| Monikers:
"The Fighting Bishop" "Our Warrior- Priest"
"The Battling Bishop" "The
Churchman-Warrior" |
 |
Battles:
Major-General Belmont, Shiloh, Perryville
|
"They formed their General Assembly of the Southern Confederacy
on the 4th of December of that year. Even before the inauguration of Mr.
Lincoln the Protestant Episcopal Convention of several States formally
withdrew from the Union, and that fiery soldier-priest Leonidas Polk,
Bishop of Louisiana, commanded the clergy to shift their public prayers
from the President of the United States to that of the Confederate States,
and announced in a pastoral letter that 'Our separation from our brethren
of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States has been effected
because we must follow our nationality. . . . Our relations to each other
hereafter will be the relations we now both hold to the men of our mother
church in England.' Unable to restrain his ardor within the limits of
the church militant, he exchanged his crozier for a sword and died by
a cannon shot on the Georgia hills." -J. G. Nicolay and John Hay,
" Abraham Lincoln: A History. Lincoln and the Churches," The
Century, a popular quarterly, Volume 38, Issue 4, August
1889
|
General Orders No. 1 Major-General Leonidas Polk, Commanding General, Department No. 2, circa July 13, 1861, Memphis, Tennessee (excerpts): "...We
have protested, and do protest, that all we desire is to be let
alone, to repose in quietness under our own vine and under our own
fig tree...They have sought to deprive us of this inestimable right
by a merciless war, which can attain no other possible end than
the ruin of fortunes and the destruction of lives; for the subjugation
of Christian freemen is out of the question... A war which has thus
no motive except lust or hate, an no object except ruin and devastation,
under the shallow pretense of the restoration of the Union, is surely
a war against Heaven, as well as a war against earth... As sure
as there is a righteous Ruler of the universe, such a war must end
in disaster to those by whom it was inaugurated, and by whom it
is now prosecuted with the circumstances of barbarity which, it
was fondly believed, would never more disgrace the annals of a civilized
people... Numbers may be against us, but the battle is not always
to the strong. Justice will triumph; and an earnest of this triumph
is already beheld in the mighty uprising of the whole Southern heart.
Almost as one man this great section comes to the rescue, resolved
to perish rather than yield to the oppressor who in the name of
freedom, yet under the prime inspiration of an infidel horde, seeks
to reduce eight millions of freemen to abject bondage and subjugation.
All ages and conditions are united in one grand and holy purpose
of rolling back the desolating tide of invasion, and of restoring
to the people of the South that peace, independence, and right of
self-government to which they are by nature and nature's God as
justly entitled as those who seek thus ruthlessly to enslave them....
[The invasion] comes bringing with it a contempt of constitutional
liberty and the withering influence of the infidelity of New England
and Germany
combined. Its success would deprive us of a future. The best men
among our invaders opposed the course they are pursuing at the first,
but they have been overborne or swept into the wake of the prevailing
current, and now, under the promptings of their fears or the delusion
of some idolatrous reverence supposed to be due to a favorite symbol,
are as active as any in instigating this unnatural, unchristian,
and cruel war... Our protest, which we here solemnly repeat in the
face of the civilized world, has been hitherto unheeded, and we
are left alone, under God, to the resources of our own minds and
our own hearts, to the resources of manhood... Let every man, then,
throughout the land arm himself in the most effective manner, and
hold himself in readiness to support the combined resistance. A
cause which has for its object nothing less than the security of
civil liberty and the preservation of the purity of religious truth,
is the cause of Heaven, and may well challenge the homage and service
of the patriot and Christian. In God is our trust."
(Source: TENNESSEE'S WAR, 1861-1865, Described by Participants,
Stanley F. Horn, 1965, Tennessee Civil War Centennial Commission)
|
 |
"So great was his belief in the cause of the South- that each state was independent and could secede if it chose- that with the approach of the Civil War Polk announced the secession of his diocese, left his Louisiana bishopric and episcopacy, and 'buckled the sword over the gown.' He accepted appointment as major general in the Provisional Army of the Confederacy in late June, 1861, and was assigned to command Department No. 2, with headquarters in Memphis. He soon led his forces into Kentucky and occupied Columbus. When Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard were assigned to the West, Polk became subordinate to them. He commanded a corps at Shiloh, a wing in the Kentucky campaign, a corps at Stones River, and a wing at Chickamauga. Disagreement with General Braxton Bragg after Chickamauga resulted in Polk's relief from command in the Army of Tennessee and his transfer to Mississippi. When Joseph E. Johnston succeeded Bragg in north Georgia, Polk's forces were ordered to his assistance. The bishop-general was killed at Pine Mountain on June 14, 1864." -Editor, Louisiana University Press, GENERAL LEONIDAS POLK, C.S.A., The Fighting Bishop, by Joseph H. Parks, 1990 edition |
 |
Bishop-General Leonidas Polk (seated far left) and the Confederate High Command,
including President Jefferson Davis and Generals Johnston and Hardee.
 |
"I believe most solemnly
that it is for Constitutional liberty, which seems to have fled to us
for refuge, for our hearth-stones, and our altars that we strike. I hope
I shall be supported in the work and have grace to do my duty."
-Bishop-General Leonidas Polk to Bishop Stephen Elliott,
W. M. Polk, LEONIDAS POLK, 1893
|
"Field
glasses carried by Gen. Leonidas Polk |
 |
The Hunt-Phelan Home, Memphis, Tennessee, where Bishop-General Leonidas Polk organized the Provisional Army of Tennessee, July, 1861. (The First Forty Years of the Hunt-Phelan Home, 1828-1868, by Stephen Rice Phelan, 1952) |
Kentucky State historical marker 528 in Columbus-Belmont State Park-
|
"GIBRALTAR OF THE WEST" |
Confederate Anchor and Chain at Columbus Belmont
State Park, Columbus, Ky.
 Postcard reverse: "The strategic location and the commanding bluffs of Columbus, offered the most desirable fortification between Cairo and Vicksburg, during the Civil War. It was the northern terminus of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad which stretched away to Mobile bay. The fortification of Columbus was always above high water mark of the mighty Mississippi. This position was fortified by the Confederates, under Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, Sept. 3, 1861 and was evacuated Jan. 20th, 1862." |
 |
 |
"...It was even more logical then, that the warrior bishop, General
Leonidas Polk, in his report on the success at Belmont, should have acknowledged
the favoring providence of Almighty God, who had unveiled the plans of
the enemy and had strengthened Southern hearts in the day of battle. 'He
has given us the victory.' " -James W. Silver, CONFEDERATE MORALE
AND CHURCH PROPAGANDA, 1957
"Polk, learning of Grant's movement [against Belmont], meantime
send 2,500 reinforcements across from Columbus to Belmont under the command
of Brigadier General Gideon Pillow. Fighting began at 10:30 in the morning
and continued briskly for four hours. Slowly the Confederates gave ground
and seemed at last on the point of disaster when Polk himself arrived
with additional troops. Now the tables were turned. Exhausted from fighting
and disorganized from looting the captured Southern camp, Grant's outnumbered
column was flanked and driven back in near rout. Late in the afternoon
Grant, with extreme difficulty, embarked his worn command on their transports
and steamed upstream to Cairo." -Charles P. Roland, ALBERT SIDNEY
JOHNSTON: Soldier of Three Republics, 1964
 The George Washington Monument, Richmond, Virginia. |
"...the gallant Buford [Union general], raising his glass, proposed a toast to 'George Washington, the Father of this Country.' Polk with a merry twinkle in his eye, quickly added, 'And the first Rebel!' " (after the Battle of Belmont) -W.M. Polk, LEONIDAS POLK, 1893 |
"The Belmont Quick Step,"
by J.O. Benson, 1861, including the infamous "Lady Polk" cannon,
commemorating the Battle of Belmont-
 |
 |
 |
|
 6.3 inch diameter shell recovered from Island #10. |
At the Battle of Belmont, the "Lady Polk," named in honor of Frances Anne Devereux Polk, was the largest columbaid cannon on the Columbus bluffs, a 6.4 inch, 8-ton, rifled Dahlgren gun, which could fire 128-pound cone-shaped shells, and is credited with winning the battle against Union General Ulysses S. Grant. The cannon was commanded by Major A.P. Stewart, C.S.A., who less than three years later, upon the death of the Bishop-General, would be promoted to Lieutenant-General in command of Polk's Corps, comprised of the divisions of French, Walthall, and Loring. (http://www.nps.gov/vick/camptrail/sites/Kentucky-sites/ColumbusKY.htm;SOLDIER OF TENNESSEE, General Alexander P. Stewart in the Civil War in the West, Sam Davis Elliott, 1999) |
|
Confederate States Steamer
General Polk (http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/cfa4/general_polk.htm, January 2005)
(Gbt: t. 390; a. 3 to 7 guns, progressively) CSS General Polk was originally a side-wheel river steamer which some authorities cite as the Ed Howard or Howard, built in New Albany, Ind., in 1852. Purchased for $8,000 by the Confederates at New Orleans, La., in 1861, she was converted into a ship of war, which involved stripping her to a "mere shell." Her first service was under Flag Officer G. N. Hollins who took his Louisiana defense fleet up the Mississippi in December to cooperate with the Army in the vicinity of New Madrid, Mo. At that time Lt. J. H. Carter, CSN, commanded Polk, as she was usually known. In April, 1862 Commodore Hollins returned to New Orleans and
command of the river fleet devolved on Comdr. R. F. Pinkney, CSN.
After the fall of Island No. 10, Polk, Livingston and Army ram
General Earl Van Dorn escaped 75 miles up the Yazoo River where
they were burned at Liverpool, 25 miles below Yazoo City, on 26
June 1862 to prevent capture. |
Corinth, Mississippi, historical marker-
Oak Home, Corinth, Mississippi.
 |
OAK HOME
|
Tennessee Historical Commission marker 4 C 10 on U.S. 45 in McNairy
County-
| APPROACH TO SHILOH Apr. 4, 1862 Leaving the Confederate base at Corinth, Miss., in a march which had begun the previous afternoon, the two corps of the Army of the Mississippi, commanded by Maj. Gens. Hardee & Polk, marched north along this road to unite with other units of the Army for its attack on the Federal encampment at Shiloh, Apr.6. |
Shiloh National Military Park, historic marker M-
 |
|
C. S. FIRST CORPS, ARMY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. MAJ. GEN. LEONIDAS POLK. 1st Division. Brig. Gen. Charles Clark, (wd). Brig. Gen. Alex. P. Stewart. 1st Brigade, Col. R.M. Russell, 12th Tenn. 2d Brigade, Brig. Gen. Alex. P. Stewart. 2d Division. Maj. Gen. Benj. F. Cheatham, (wd). 1st Brigade, Brig. Gen. B.R. Johnson. (wd). Col. Preston Smith, 154th Tenn. (wd). 2d Brigade, Col. Wm. H. Stephens, 6th Tenn. Col. George Maney, 1st Tenn. The first division marched from Corinth April 3, 1862, following the 3d Corps, on the Ridge Road, to Mickey's where it was joined by the second division from Bethel. The Corps formed the third line, in order of battle, and bivouacked upon this ground in column of brigades, Saturday night, April 5, 1862. It advanced at 7 o'clock Sunday morning but before becoming engaged its brigades were separated and sent to different points of the field breaking up the corps and division organizations. General Polk, in person, moved forward on the Pittsburgh Road and assumed command of all Confederate troops in that vicinity. General Clark accompanied his first brigade and was wounded at the Rhea house. General Cheatham moved with his second brigade and was first engaged at the "Hornets' Nest". There were present for duty, officers and men, 9,404. The losses were, 385 killed; 1953 wounded; 19 missing; Total, 2,357. |
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Shiloh National Military Park, Kentucky Regiments marker (face- First
day April 6, 1862; reverse- Second day April 7, 1862, same text, different
map.)-
 |
| KENTUCKY REGIMENTS As a border slave state that remained in the Union, Kentucky was sharply divided in its loyalty during the Civil War. The state provided many troops to both sides at Shiloh: Approximately 6,500 to the Federal forces; approximately 2,000 to the Confederate forces. Confederate Commanding General Albert Sidney Johnston, who was killed in action on April 6 at Shiloh, though a Texan by adoption, was a Kentuckian by birth, and he retained innumerable ties of blood and sentiment with his native state. Confederate Brigadier General John C. Breckinridge, who was a former Vice President of the United States, and who commanded the Confederate reserve corps at Shiloh, was from Kentucky. Two sons of a distinguished United States Senator from Kentucky, Senator John J. Crittenden, were in opposing armies at Shiloh: Brigadier General Thomas L. Crittenden for the Union; Brigadier General George B. Crittenden for the Confederacy. Kentucky's "Confederate Governor," George W. Johnson, fought and died in the Southern ranks at Shiloh. Five Kentucky Infantry regiments, plus the Kentucky cavalry squadron of Colonel John Hunt Morgan, the Kentucky cavalry company of Captain Philip Thompson, and the Kentucky artillery battery of Captain Robert Cobb, were in the Confederate forces at Shiloh. The 7th Kentucky Infantry served in the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division of Major General Leonidas Polk's 1st Corps; it was deployed initially at about 8:30 A.M. of April 6 as a supporting unit on the Confederate right; by 10:00 A.M. it was engaged at the Hornet's Nest. The 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 9th Kentucky Infantry regiments and Cobb's artillery battery served in Colonel Robert P. Trabue's 1st Brigade of Breckinridge's reserve corps. Detached from its parent corps early in the morning of April 6, the 1st Brigade entered the battle at 9:30 A.M. at the Crescent Field. Here the 3rd Kentucky Regiment was separated from the brigade by General Beauregard and ordered to another part of the battlefield. No further record remains of its location or action the first day. During the course of the fighting, the brigade was moved by stages across the front until late in the afternoon it rejoined Breckinridge's corps on the extreme Confederate right. At the close of the first day's combat the brigade was at the Indian mounds overlooking the Tennessee River. All of the Kentucky Confederate units experienced hard fighting and suffered heavy casualties during the day. Only two Kentucky regiments, the 17th and 25th Infantry regiments, were present with the Federal Army (Army of the Tennessee) during the first day of the battle. Attached to the 3rd Brigade of Brigadier General Stephen H. Hurlbut's 4th Division, they were encamped in the northeast edge of Cloud Field (near the present marker) when the battle opened. Shifted from one hotly contested position to another during the first day of fighting, they had their severest action early in the afternoon at the Peach Orchard. Late in the day they were placed near the Pittsburg Landing road as a part of General Grant's final defensive perimeter. The Army of the Ohio, which reinforced the Army of the Tennessee during the late afternoon and night of April 6 and the morning of April 7, contained ten regiments of Kentucky troops: the 5th Regiment of the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division; the 6th Regiment of the 19th Brigade, and the 1st, 2nd, and 20th Regiments of the 22nd Brigade, 4th Division; the 9th and 13th Regiments of the 11th Brigade, and the 11th and 26th Regiments of the 14th Brigade, 5th Division; and the 24th Regiment of the 21st Brigade, 6th Division. The initial unit of the Army of the Ohio to arrive at the scene of battle, the 4th Division, was commanded by Brigadier General William Nelson, a Kentuckian. The Kentucky troops in both armies shared fully in the bitter fighting of April 7 as the strengthened and reanimated Federals pressed forward and as the outnumbered, exhausted, and demoralized Confederates gradually yielded the field. Morgan's Kentucky cavalry joined with Forrest's Tennessee cavalry and other detachments on April 8 to repel General Sherman's pursuit near Mickey's - the closing action of the battle of Shiloh. Casualties among Kentucky troops at Shiloh: Union, 115 killed, 636 wounded, 29 missing; Confederate, 137 killed, 627 wounded, 45 missing. Kentucky Historical Society 1974 |
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Tennessee Historical Commission marker 3B 31, Carthage, Tennessee-
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Moving northwest from Sparta, Bragg, |
Kentucky state historical maker 698, at Hart Co. line, Bear Wallow,
US 31-E-
| BEAR WALLOW |
Kentucky state historical marker 1101, 5th St. at site of home, Bardstown,
US 31-E, 150-
 |
EDGEWOOD
Right wing built, 1815, main part, |
|
|
Gen. Leonidas Polk used this as |
Kentucky state historical marker 553, on U.S. 68, 150-
|
BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE, OCTOBER 8, 1862 In overall command of the Union Army (Army of the Ohio) was Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, with Maj. General George H. Thomas second in command. Buell had three corps. First: Maj. Gen. Alexander McDowell McCook. Second: Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden. Third: Maj. Gen. Charles C. Gilbert. In overall command of the Confederate Army (Army of the Mississippi) was Gen. Bragg, with Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk commander of the Right Wing and Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee of the Left Wing. Bragg had three divisions: Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham’s; Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson’s; and Maj. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner’s. The main action began at 2:00 p.m. with a fierce charge by Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton’s cavalry, on the extreme Confederate right, followed immediately by a rapid advance of Cheatham’s entire line. Simultaneously, Buckner’s and Anderson’s moved forward, amid heavy cannonading from numerous batteries on both sides. Cheatham’s charge caught a large number of McCook’s men (many fresh enlistees) unaware and off guard, far in advance of their lines, seeking water in the vicinity of Doctor’s Creek. Both Cheatham’s and Buckner’s divisions drove McCook’s men back to their former ill-formed positions and, after heavy, often desperate, hand-to-hand fighting, dislodged his entire corps, pushing him back a distance of approximately a mile west of the Creek. On the Con-federate left, however, Anderson was unable to dislodge the division of Brig. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, timely enforced by Brig. Gen. Albin Schoepf’s division. Late afternoon, Anderson’s advancing left was struck by a determined charge of Col. William P. Carlin’s brigade (R. B. Mitchell’s division, Gilbert’s Corps) between the Springfield and Lebanon roads, the charge carrying through Perryville and out on the Danville and Harrodsburg roads. Toward dusk, desperate staying actions by brigades of Col. John C. Stark-weather (Rousseau’s division) and Col. Michael Gooding (Mitchell’s division) enabled McCook to stabilize his battered corps along a line immediately beyond the Russell house and Benton road. In his favor too were the coming of darkness and near exhaustion of the Confederates. General Buell, headquarters at the Dorsey house on Springfield road, was not aware that the battle was in progress until 4:00 p.m., too late to have Crittenden’s corps, along Lebanon road, pivot around in an attempt to envelop the enemy forces. After nightfall, Bragg finally realized that his small force faced practically Buell’s entire army. This knowledge caused him to order withdrawal at midnight toward Harrodsburg. On the whole, the Con-federate troops were better handled and used than these of the Union. The battle ended as a tactical victory for Bragg; a strategic victory for Buell, who held the field. The Confederate commander employed only 16,000 men and sustained 3,396 casualties; 510 killed, 2,635 wound-ed, and 251 missing. Buell used between 22,000 and 28,000; sustained 4,421 casualties; 845 killed, 2,851 wounded and 515 captured or missing. The battle was one of the fiercest and bloodiest of modern times. Had Buell and Bragg been better informed and more aggressive,
the battle of Perryville might have been the decisive engagement
of the Civil War in the West. After this battle, the Confederates
never returned to Kentucky in great force; the state remained
firmly in the Union. |
"Polk decided that 'there was no hope but to brazen it out,' with his 'dark blouse' and the darkening night concealing his true identity. Polk rode up to Keith [U.S.], shook his first in the colonel's face and said, 'I'll soon show you who I am. Cease firing at once.' Polk then rode down the Union line, shouting for the men to cease fire... The horrors of Perryville were most severely felt by the 22nd Indiana Infantry. A former member of the regiment noted the 'On calling the roll at 8 o'clock that night, to nearly every other name in the regiment there was no answer.' They had Leonidas Polk to thank for that silence." -Stuart W. Sanders, "Leonidas Polk and the Battle of Perryville," Hallowed Ground, Civil War Preservation Trust, Vol. 6, No.2, Summer 2005
Kentucky state historical marker 539, Chiles Street, St. Philip's Episcopal
Church, Harrodsburg-
|
A GENERAL'S PRAYER
"Peace to the land and blessings on friend and foe alike." Prayer by Gen. Leonidas K. Polk, CSA, an Episcopal Bishop, offered on Oct. 9, 1862 following the Battle of Perryville. Shaken by the horrors of war, just witnessed. Polk entered this church asking that bell be tolled. Soldiers' and civilians' tears mingled with prayers in one great supplication. (Correction- There was no "K." middle initial in his name.) |
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Kentucky state historical marker 704, Bryantsville, US 27-
|
CSA STARTS RETREAT
In Sept. 1862, Confederates moved supply depot here from Lexington. After battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, CSA gathered here for council of war, Oct. 11. USA destroyed food sources. Oct. 13, under command of Gen. Braxton Bragg, retreat began in two columns under Generals Polk and Smith. With immaterial loss, they moved thru Cumberland Gap, Oct. 19-24. |
Kentucky state historical marker 676, Mt. Vernon, US 25, 150-
| CSA RETURNS TO
TENN. After Battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, Confederate forces retired to Bryantsville. Union forces did not attack but destroyed sources of food. General Braxton Bragg began retreat, Oct. 13, in two columns under Generals Polk and Smith. Polk's moved thru here with USA pursuing. The CSA columns retired thru Cumberland Gap, October 19-24. |
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Bishop-General Leonidas Polk officiated the wedding of Miss Mattie Ready to Brigadier-General John Hunt Morgan ("the Marion of the West" and "Thunderbolt of the Confederacy") on December 14, 1862 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Witnesses included Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee, a co-corps commander in the Army of Tennessee with Leonidas Polk. General Morgan went on to command cavalry brigades of "Fighting Joe" Wheeler ["the Defender of University Place" (Sewanee)], and less than two years after the historic wedding ceremony, both Polk ("the Fighting Bishop") and Morgan had been killed in action for their Cause. |
Tennessee Historical Commission Marker 3 A 62, East Main Street, Murfreesboro-
|
MORGAN'S
WEDDING
In a house which stood here, Brig. Gen. John H. Morgan, CSA, was married to Miss Martha Ready Dec.14, 1862, by Bishop (also Lt. Gen., CSA) Leonidas Polk. Col. Basili Duke was best man. Among the groomsmen were Gen. Braxton Bragg, Lt. Gen. W.J. Hardee, Maj. Gens. J.C. Breckinridge and B.F. Cheatham and Co. G. St. Leger Grenfell. |
|
"Our cause is just and all are contending for what God has given us, so we need not be ashamed nor yet afraid.We may have some reverses, but what of that. We must quit ourselves like men if we expect the blessings of God and you women must hold up our hands and strengthen our hearts by cheering us on and praying for us. -Letter to Daughter, 1862, Leonidas Polk Papers, Parks, GENERAL LEONIDAS POLK, C.S.A., (1962) 1990 |
 |
Tennessee State Historical Commission marker 3 A 44-
|
BATTLE
OF MURFREESBORO |
 The Widow James House, headquarters of Bishop-General Leonidas Polk, Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
|
Tennessee State Historical Commission marker 3 G 8, U.S. 41A, Bedford County, west outskirts of Shelbyville, Tennessee-
|
ARMY
OF TENNESSEE Polk's Corps took up strong defensive positions in this area in early January, 1863. Direct pressure by Stanley's Cavalry Corps and Granger's Reserve Corps, plus flanking operations by Rosecrans' Army at Manchester, forced its withdrawal to Tullahoma, and later to Chattanooga. |
"By orders of the general commanding, after being eight days under
arms and in actual battle of heavy skirmishing, in the rain and cold,
without tents, and much of the time without fires, my troops retired from
the field, and ordered to take a position at Shelbyville." -General
Polk's Report, W.M. Polk, 1893
|
|
"At Shelbyville, I found General Polk's headquarters occupying the
grounds of William Gosling, Esquire. The Gosling family were old friends
of mine and insisted upon my making their house my home. General Polk
had his office in the house. Mrs. Gosling was an ideal housekeeper and
made me feel in every respect at home." -Rev. Dr. Charles Todd Quintard,
DOCTOR QUINTARD, CHAPLAIN C.S.A. AND SECOND BISHOP OF TENNESSEE BEING
HIS STORY OF THE WAR (1861 - 1865), edited by The Rev. Arthur Howard
Noll, 1905
|
While Leonidas Polk was headquartered in Shelbyville during January-June 1863, Rt. Rev. James H. Otey, first Chancellor of THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, died in Memphis (April, 23, 1863), and thus at the Gosling House, Bishop-General Leonidas Polk, C.S.A., became the Chancellor and President of the Board of Trustees of THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH.
Image of Leonidas Polk on the mantle at the Gosling
House, June 2005.
"On returning to Shelbyville... Mr. Vallandigham, who had been sent to us by the Federal authorities because of what were regarded as disloyal utterances made in political speeches in Ohio, dined with us, and my great desire to see him gave me strength to endure a long sitting at table... Mr. Vallandigham was altogether a different man from what I had expected. He was about my own age and height, had remarkably fine features, a frank, open countenance, beautiful teeth and a color indicating very high health. He wore no side-whiskers nor moustache but a beard slightly tinged with gray, on his chin. In manner he was extremely easy and polite; in conversation very fluent and entertaining. He was greatly pleased with the kind reception he had met from the officers of the army and the citizens of Shelbyville, but was very desirous of avoiding all public demonstration... On Thursday morning... I accompanied Bishop Elliott to Wartrace, the headquarters of General Hardee. General Polk and Colonel Richmond accompanied us. Later Colonel Yeatman brought Mr. Vallandigham over in General Polk's ambulance and we had a 'goodlie companie.' " -DOCTOR QUINTARD, Noll, 1905
"Clement Vallandigham was a congressman from Ohio and a nationally prominent Democrat. In May 1863, he made a speech attacking the Lincoln administration's conduct in the War. He was arrested, convicted by a military tribunal, although a civilian, and deported to the Confederacy. Vallandigham provoked this extreme reaction by assailing Lincoln's autocratic powers 'as inexorable in its character as that of the worst despotism of the Old World of ancient or modern times. When an attempt is made to deprive us of free speech and a free press, the hour shall then have come when it will be the duty of freemen to find dome other efficient mode of redress.' "- John Chodes, "The Battle of New York City," Southern Partisan, Volume XXIV, No. 3, published April 2005
+ + +
"Confederate Monument- Unveiled October 17,
1899- Shelbyville, Tenn."
|
"With the Holy Bible in one hand and his sword in the other, he
was a good influence throughout the conflict. While other generals waged
war to preserve the Constitution, the "Fighting Bishop" was
engaged in a holy crusade." -Clayton Rand, STARS IN THEIR EYES,
Dreamers & Builders in Louisiana, 1953
Army of Tennessee Headquarters marker and Tullahoma Campaign kiosk, near
downtown Tullahoma, Tennessee-
Reverse:
Hardee's Corps flag
LT GEN W.J. HARDEE
LT GEN LEONIDAS POLK
CORPS COMMANDERS
Polk's Corps flag
Face: HEADQUARTERS Tennessee Historical Commission marker 2E 12, near downtown Tullahoma, Tennessee-
|
Tennessee State Historical Commission marker 3 G 6, U.S.
231, Bedford County, at Guy's Gap-
| ARMY
OF THE CUMBERLAND The Reserve Corps (Granger) moved south along this road, screened by the Army's Cavalry (D.S. Stanley). Taking Guy's Gap against minor resistance, they pushed rapidly into Shelbyville, evacuated the same morning by the Corps of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, which withdrew to Tullahoma. |
(Correction: Should read "Lieut. Gen. Leonidas Polk," per
his commission following the Battle of Perryville in 1862.)
 |
"Believing
as I do that we are fighting the Battle of the Cross against modern
Barbarians who would rob a Christian people of Country, Liberty, and
Life... We may be destroyed if it be God's will... -never
defeated -annihilated -never conquered. While a single
Southern heart beats in the breast of a man, woman, or child -there
will live defiance and resistance to those who would tread us beneath
their feet." -Letter from Sarah A. Dorsey
to Leonidas Polk, 1862, Papers, Parks, GENERAL LEONIDAS POLK,
C.S.A., 1962 "I have said your father was my esteemed friend; but I will add I not only honored and held him in the highest estimation- I loved him... As he told me when I tendered him a commission, it was amour pro aris et focis (for our altars and hearths; for our homes); like a Christian he entered on a patriot's duty." -Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis, W.M. Polk, LEONIDAS POLK, 1893 |
"The next morning [June 28th, 1863] they were back in the saddle
bright and early, and Wilder [Federal] was determined to break the Nashville
& Chattanooga somewhere on the Cumberland Plateau... At the top, Wilder's
men reached the town of Sewanee, the place Leonidas Polk had selected
three years before as the future site of the University of the South.
There, he imagined, young men would be educated without having their thoughts
twisted by Northern ideas... By the evening of July 2, the army [Confederate]
was again in motion up the road onto the Cumberlands. By 3:00 A.M., July
3, the tail end of the column had passed through Sewanee, and Polk, riding
just ahead of the rear guard cavalry, visited the chosen site of the university
of his dreams one last time before cantering off after his retreating
troops." -Steven E. Woodworth, SIX ARMIES IN TENNESSEE, The Chickamauga
and Chattanooga Campaigns, 1998
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1863 State of Louisiana $50 Confederate note with Bishop-General Leonidas Polk. |
"His soldiers always loved and honored him. They called him 'Bishop Polk.' 'Bishop Polk' was ever a favorite with the army, and when any position was to be held, and it was known that 'Bishop Polk' was there, we knew and felt that 'all was well.' " -Sam R. Watkins, Private, C.S.A., "CO. AYTCH," 1882
| Polk's Corps flag resting on Sam Watkins' grave, old Zion Churchyard, Columbia, Tennessee, Maury County, home county of of Leonidas Polk's Ashwood Hall Plantation and St. John's Episcopal Church. |  |
"On September 18, 1863, a federal patrol observed enemy forces moving up the LaFayette Road toward Lee and Gordon's Mills. This Confederate force was General Thomas Hindman's Division that had reached the John S. Henderson plantation on the LaFayette Road. General Leonidas Polk, the corps commander, was also present, and established his headquarters in the Henderson house. To enable General Polk to communicate with the rest of the army, a courier station was also established." -http://www.chickamaugacampaign.net/walker/henderson-plantation.html; viewed 11/2/05)
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park,
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Hindman's Division- Polk's Corps. Including the brigades of Anderson, Deas and Manigault. |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 011-2 (1954), Macon City Hall, Cotton
Ave. at First Street, Macon, Georgia (Confederate soldiers wounded while
fighting at Chickamauga under Generals Leonidas Polk and James Longstreet
were sent to Macon)-
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CITY HALL & OLD CAPITOL The Macon City Hall, built in 1837 for the Monroe Railroad & Banking co and since remodeled, served from Nov. 18, 1864 till March 11, 1865 as temporary Capitol of Ga. Here Gov. Brown had his office and convened the last session of the Ga. legislature under the Confederacy. Here the march session of the Supreme Court was held in 1865. The building was also used as a military hospital from the battle of Chickamauga in 1863 until the close of the war. A picket on guard at the portico was shot when Fed. Gen. Wilson entered the city on April 20, 1865. |
General Polk, top left corner; General Longstreet, bottom right corner-
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Alabama historical marker, Demopolis, Alabama-
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TRINITY EPISCOPAL Established by the Rev. Caleb S. Ives |
Alabama historical marker, Demopolis, Alabama-
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GAINESWOOD Built 1842-1860 by Gen. Nathan Bryan Whitfield 1799-1868, accomplished
planter of the Canebrake, using imported materials and artisans,
glorifying the Greek Revival Architecture by combining Doric exterior,
Corinthian grand ballroom, Ionic parlor and dining room, with
mirrors, chandeliers, columns, domes. This house was named for
Gen. George Strother Gaines, 1784-1872, distinguished United States
Agent and Factor to Choctaw Indian Nation. |
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"Nathan Bryan Whitfield, a cotton planter and renaissance
man of his time designed and built Gaineswood between 1843 and
1860. The elaborate plasterwork inside is among the finest found
in any 19th Century residence in America. Whitfield's plans for
even more refinements to the house were interrupted by the War,
during which he entertained a number of Confederate Officers,
principle of whom was Gen. Polk." (http://www.aboardkibon.com/Gaineswood%20Tour.htm;
viewed 7/25/05.) |
Alabama historical marker, Demopolis, Alabama-
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BLUFF HALL
Situated on historic White Bluff  Bluff Hall, Demopolis, Alabama. |
 "Francis Strother Lyon, for whose family the house was built in 1832, was a lawyer, cotton planter (his plantation "Bermuda Hill" lies east of Demopolis), and respected politician and statesman. He served in the congresses of both the United States and the Confederacy. During the War, Bluff Hall received many Confederate officers as guests, and in October of 1863 President Jefferson Davis was entertained here by Mr. Lyon. A frequent visitor was General Leonidas Polk, whose son [William Mecklenburg Polk] later married a daughter of F.S. Lyon [Ida A. Lyon]; another daughter married General Zachary Deas. (www.demopolislive.com; viewed 7/25/05.) |
During
the Atlanta Campaign in
May of 1864, Bishop-General Polk baptized Lieutenant-General John Bell
Hood in Dalton, Georgia, before the Battle of Resaca. Having
already previously confirmed Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee,
he then baptized
commanding General Joseph E. Johnston, in Adairsville, Georgia, prior
to the Affair at Cassville. (DOCTOR QUINTARD, CHAPLAIN, C.S.A.
and SECOND BISHOP of TENNESSEE, The Memoir and Civil War Diary of Charles
Todd Quintard, edited by Sam Davis Elliott, 2003)
3D Battlefield
Location Images from The Atlanta Campaign.
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Bishop-General Leonidas Polk, C.S.A., ground floor at the Cyclorama, Atlanta, Georgia, including Generals Johnston, Hood, Hardee, and Wheeler.
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Georgia Historical Commission marker, Highway 41-
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MILL CREEK GAP Otherwise know as Buzzard Roost. This natural gateway through Rocky Face Ridge was heavily fortified by Confederate forces at Dalton after their retreat from Missionary Ridge. February 25, 1864, the Federate 14th A.C., Dept. of the Cumberland, moving by Tunnel Hill, attempted to seize the gap, but were driven back by Stewart's & Breckinridge's divs. At the same time, the gap was assailed from Crow Valley, E. of Rocky Face, by Cruft's & Baird's divs., which was repulsed by Hindman's A.C. These Federal moves were prompted by rumors that Johnston's command had reinforced Polk, facing Sherman's forces at Meridian, Miss. |
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Kennesaw National Battlefield Park, Kennesaw, Georgia-
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 064-13 (1953), west of Resaca, Ga.-
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BATTLE OF RESACA May 13, 1864. The 15th & 16th A.C. depolyed astride road on ridges W. of those next to & this side of Camp Creek, where Polk's Corps was posted. May 14: The 15th & 16th A.C. drove Polk's troops across creek from this ridge and occupied it. Polk established a line on a chain of hills just E. of creek. 5:30 pm: the 15th and Veatch's (4th) Div. 16th A.C. moved across creek& carried Polk's position, holding it against repeat- ed attempts to regain it. Polk withdrew E. to a line near the Dalton-Resaca road (U.S. Highway 41). |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 064-14-2 (1953), west of Resaca,
Ga.-
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POLK'S LINE WITHDRAWN TO RESACA May 14, 1864. After being driven from hills W. of Camp Creek by troops of the 15th & 16th Corps, Polk's A.C. was aligned on the E. side of the creek, its center & left posted on a chain of hills S. of this road & overlooking the creek- its extreme left on the Oostanaula River. 5:30 P.M., the Federals crossed the creek & car- ried Polk's line, forcing it E. to a position near U.S. Highway 41. Polk's repeated and unavailing attempts to recover his line prolonged the battle into the night |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 064-4 (1997), Resaca, Ga.-
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BATTLE OF RESACA |
Polk's Corps- Divisions of French, Loring, and Cantey. |
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CALHOUN, GA. |
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The Bishop-General Leonidas Polk, while commanding the Army of Mississippi
as a corps in the Army of Tennessee, and also while holding the office
of Chancellor of THE UNIVERSITY OF
THE SOUTH, baptized into Christendom the
commanding General of the Army of Tennessee in Adairsville, Georgia:
"Johnston's generals enthusiastically express their approval for
this plan with its glittering promise of great, perhaps decisive, victory.
Then Polk asks Johnston a nonmilitary question: Is he ready now to be
baptized? Recently the bishop-general has received a letter from Mrs.
Johnston, now residing in Atlanta, asking him to 'lead my soldier nearer
to God,' and Polk has been discussing the matter with the commander. Johnston
replies yes, he is; and sometime later, Polk, using an imporvised altar,
baptizes Johnston in the presence of Hood, Hardee, and several staff offficers.
To General Mackall, it is 'a very solemn scene'..." -Albert Castel,
DECISION IN THE WEST: The Atlanta Camaign of 1864, 1992
Georgia Historical Commission marker 057-8 (1953), at the Rome, Ga,. Civic
Center-
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FRENCH'S DIV. AT ROME |
Georgia Historical Commission marker 008-27 (1953), Adairsville, Georgia-
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JOHNSTON'S ARMY |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 008-37, Ga. 293 in Kingston, Ga.-
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HARDEE'S CORPS May 18, 1864. Lt. Gen. Wm. J. Hardee's A. C. marched
from Adairsville on the road parallel to the State R.R. -- turning
E. on this rd. to join Polk's & Hood's corps [CSA] at Cassville,
which had moved on the direct Adairsville - Cassville road. |
NEWS FLASH 1864- Gender Discrimination Takes an Ugly Turn; Yankee Soldiers Burn Southern College for Females:
 Cassville Female College. |
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SITE - CASSVILLE FEMALE COLLEGE A large brick structure erected 1853. May 19, 1864: Skirmishers of Polk's A.C. withdrew from this ridge E. to Cassville when press back by Butterfield's (3rd) Div., 20th A.C., from the Hawkins Price house. Battery C, 1st Ohio Lt. Art., supported by 73d Ohio, 19th Mich. & 20th Conn. Reg'ts. occupied ridge & shelled the town as Johnston's Army withdrew to ridge E. of it. At night, Cassville was seized by the 19th Mich. & 20th Conn. Female College & town were burned by Federal forces, Nov. 1864. |
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"The Affair at Cassville"-
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 008-23, Mac Johnson Road, east of Cassville, Ga.-
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CONFEDERATE LINE The three corps of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army
[CSA] were withdrawn from N. & W. of Cassville to this ridge,
E. & S. of the town. |
Georgia Historical Commission marker 008- 38 on Mac Johnson Road, Cassville,
Georgia-
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GEN. LEONIDAS POLK'S HEADQUARTERS The William Neal McKelvey residence - 1864. A Council of War held here May 19, discussed the advisability of holding the position E. & S. of Cassville by the Confederate army. Present were: Gen. Joseph E. Johnston; Lt. Gen. Polk; Lt. Gen. John B. Hood; Maj. Gen. S. C. French; & Capt. W.J. Morris, Chief Engineer, Polk's A.C. After hearing the statements of the Council Johnston ordered the withdrawal of the army at midnight. This decision stemmed from a failure to make an opportune attack on the Federals, & alleged inability to hold a de- fensive line as it was then situated. |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-26 (1953), Acworth-Due West Road, Cobb County-
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ROUTE OF POLK'S CORPS May 23d, 1864, Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk's Corps, marching S. from Allatoona, camped at night in this vicinity enroute to Dallas in Paulding County via Lost Mountain. This was the left wing of Johnston's army which had crossed the Etowah River May 20, & remaining at Allatoona until the 23d. Learning that Sherman's forces had left Cassville & Kingston for Dallas, Johnston moved S. on parallel roads to checkmate the Federal flanking march - Hood's & Hardee's Corps marched by the New Hope road four miles west. |
Georgia Historical Commission marker 110-20 (1953), Paulding County, junction
Ga. 278 and 120-
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POLK'S CORPS AT DALLAS AND NEW HOPE CHURCH Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk's corps which had moved from Allatoona as left flank of Johnston's army -via Lost Mt. & Mt. Tabor Ch.- reached this vicinity May 24, 1864. After return of Hardee's A.C. from Powder Springs (May 25), Polk's troops formed the center of Johnston's line facing the Federal lines to the West. When deployed, Polk's left was at Wigley's Mill in gap of Ellsberry Mtn.; his center & rt. at & above New Hope Ch.- a position he held 10 days of conflict mostly fought on the left & right of the army. |
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 Battle of Pickett's Mill, May 27, 1864 (KNBP. |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker, New Hope Baptist Church, New Hope, Georgia-
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POLK'S MARCH June 4, 1864. The embattled forces of Gen. J. E.
Johnston's army, [Confed.] having confronted Sherman's army [Union]
on the Dallas-New Hope Church front, since May 25, abandoned the
position & shifted eastward because of Sherman's movement back
to the State R.R. |
Georgia Historical Commission, Ga.120 at Ga. 176 junction at Lost Mountain
community, Cobb County-
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LOST MOUNTAIN CROSS-ROADS On May 23-24, 1864, Lt. General Leonidas Polk's
Corps |
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Georgia Historical marker 033-5, Ga.120 between Old Hamilton and Bob Flemming
Rds-
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GREEN PLANTATION Polk's Corps [CS] having held the sector centering
on Lost Mountain, June 5-9, was withdrawn E., leaving Gen. W.H.
Jackson's Cav. Div. [CS] to hold the vacated line. |
Georgia Historical Commission marker, 033-2 (1952)-
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DUE WEST COMMUNITY Site of Gilgal Primitive Baptist Church, a log structure and prominent landmark during military operations, June 5-17, 1864, in which it was destroyed. Cleburne's Div., Confederate, was posted at the ch., the left of Johnston's line after the withdrawal of Polk's Corps from Lost Mtn., June 9. Confronting Cleburne were the 23d A.C. and Butterfield's (3d) Div., 20th A.C. Due to pressure on his extended front, Johnston swung Hardee's Corps back to the Mud Creek line E. of Sandtown Rd., June 16. |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-20 on Burnt Hickory Road, Kennesaw,
Georgia-
 
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GEN. LEONIDAS POLK'S HEADQUARTERS G.W. Hardage house; June 10-14, 1864. After withdrawing his corps from Lost Mtn. June 9, Polk's H'dq'rs. were at the John Kirk house 1 mi. W. on this rd. June 10, h'dq'rs. were moved to Hardage house. Sun. June 12, The Bishop-General read the church service (Episcopal) for his staff, escort, and the Hardage family. June 14, Polk rode with Johnston, Hardee & others to Pine Mtn. to inspect Bate's line at that advanced outpost. While there, Polk was killed by a Federal shell. |
Georgia
Historical Commission marker 033-24 on Beaumont Drive, Pine
Mountain, Kennesaw, Georgia-
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MOUNTAIN June 10, 1864. The 4th A.C. moved from Mars Hill Ch. to position along this road facing S. Toward Pine Mtn. - highest pont between Lost & Kennesaw Mnts. The 14th A.C. was on the left: the 20th on the right. Pine Mnt. was fortified and held as an outpost of the main Confederate line 1.25 mils S. - the line that extended from Lost Mtn. to Brushy Mnt. - June 5-15. June 14. Generals Johnston, Hardee & Polk, while observing Federal lines from Pine Mtn., were fired upon by the 4th and 20th Corps batteries. Gen. Leonidas Polk was killed by a shell. |
Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's Lost Mountain- Brushy Mountain
Line
northwest of Kennesaw Mountain on the front before Marietta,
including the Pine Mountain Salient (Hardee's Corps).
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-23 on Stilesboro Road, Kennesaw, Georgia-
| LT. GENERAL LEONIDAS POLK KILLED AT PINE MOUNTAIN The wooded know W. was a fortified outpost. 1.25 miles north of Johnston's intrenched line from Lost to Brush Mountains, June 5-15, 1864. Pine Mountain was held by Bate's Division of Hardee's A.C., 5th Co. Washington Artillery of N. Orleans & Lt. R.T. Beauregard's S. Carolina Battery. June 14. While observing Federal lines with Generals Johnston and Hardee, General Polk was killed by a shell from a Federal battery- identity of which is not certain. The outpost was abandoned the next day and withdrawn to the main line. |
(Research
has revealed the battery's identity- see June
14, 1864.)
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Generals Loring
and Stewart:
Following the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain where Major-General William
W. Loring commanded Polk's Corps, General Alexander P Stewart commanded
the corps throughout the remainder of Federal William Techumseh Sherman's
campaign against Atlanta.
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-22 (1953), New Salem Road, Kennesaw,
Georgia-
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HARDEE'S SALIENT |
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Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-6 (1952), Ga.120 near the Helmswood Drive intersection just east of Mud Creek, Cobb County-
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MUD CREEK LINE Hardee's intrenched line [CS] crossed the road at
this point - position held June 17-19, 1864 by Cleburne's Division
[CS] after withdrawal of Johnston's left flank from Gilgal Church.
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Sons of Confederate Veterans historic marker, in Barrett Green Subdivision, Stilesboro Road, Kennesaw, Georgia-
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 Maj.-Gen. Samuel G. French's frock coat at Kennesaw National Battlefield Park. |
FRENCH'S SALIENT This position, held by the division of Major General Samuel G. French, as near the center of a 6 and half mile long, heavily entrenched defense line occupied by the Confederates in June of 1864. It extended eastward to Brushy Mountain on the right and on the left, turned sharply southward through a salient angle, overlooking Mud Creek. The Latimer Farmhouse lay a short distance in front of the line and became a land mark and reference point for the fighting that took place there. Brigadier General Matthew D. Ector's Brigade manned the center of French's line, Brigadier General Francis M Cockrell's Brigade manned the left and Brigadier General Claudius W. Sears' brigade on the right, supported by Major George Storr's battalion of artillery, the batteries of Captains John J. Ward, James A. Hoskins and Henry Guibor. On June 18, the Federal divisions of John Newton, Thomas J. Wood and Absalom Baird attacked French's position from left, right and center, but after severe fighting with heavy casualties on both sides, French's forces held the position. Realizing the vulnerability of French's position at the salient angle, Confederate commander Joseph E. Johnston withdrew during the night of June 18 some two miles to the south to the Kennesaw Mountain Line. On the horizon on your left front may be seen Pine Mountain, on which General Leonidas Polk was killed on June 14, 1864, and to your extreme right may be seen the gap between Big and Little Kennesaw Mountain. Order of Battle on Reverse Camp McDonald 1552, Sons of Confederate Veterans |
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-50 (1954), Kennesaw Avenue, Marietta, Georgia-
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"OAKTON" Ante-bellum residence of John R. Wilder. |
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-51 , Old US 41/Ga. 293 at Elizabeth
Church Rd. east of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield in Marietta-
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JOHNSTON'S LINE |
Kennesaw Mountain, June 19 - July 2, 1864-
Loring commanding Polk's Corps on Kennesaw Mountain in front of Marietta-
Divisions of French, Walthall, and Featherstone; flank guarded by Wheeler's
cavalry (KNBP).
Leaders of the Rebellion; including Leonidas Polk,
Robert E. Lee, |
"Lieutenant-Generals of the Confederacy- Group No. 2"
- MILLER'S PHOTO HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1911
With Leonidas Polk, "Bishop and Soldier Both," and including
Wade Hampton,
Richard Henry Anderson, John Brown Gordon, William Joseph Hardee, and
Stephen Dill Lee.
| In H. H. Cunningham's DOCTORS IN GRAY, The Confederate Medical
Service, 1958 and 1986 are referenced the war-time Polk Hospital
in Rome, Georgia, Polk Hospital in Marietta, Georgia, Polk Hospital
in Macon, Georgia, and Polk Institute Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.
Searching for more information- please contact info@leonidaspolk.org. |
| __________________________
Submit your
own photographs and scans to the museum- |
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reproduced herein are intended solely for scholarship and research- Copyright©2003-2005 by The Leonidas Polk Registry Research Project and www.leonidaspolk.org. All rights reserved. |
