WASHINGTON - It was 20 years ago today that Scott
Fahlman taught the 'Net how to smile.
The IBM researcher has devoted his professional life to
artificial intelligence, the practice of teaching computers how
to think like humans.
Fahlman is known for his work with neural networks -- a
computer technique designed to mimic the human brain -- and
helping develop Common Lisp, a computer language that uses
symbols instead of numbers, but the bearded scientist is
perhaps best known for a flash of inspiration that helped to
define Internet culture, in all of its ungrammatical glory.
On Sept. 19, 1982, Fahlman typed :-) in an online message.
The "smiley face" has since become a staple of online
communication, allowing 12-year-old girls and corporate lawyers
alike to punctuate their messages with a quick symbol that
says, "Hey, I'm only joking."
Fahlman's innovation has since inspired countless other
"emoticons" like ;-) to signify a wink or :-0 to show surprise.
"I've certainly spent 10 times as much time talking with
people about it as I did coming up with it in the first place,"
Fahlman said from his Pittsburgh home. "Hopefully my actual
research career will add up to more in the long run."
In the early 1980s, computer networks were rarely found
outside university science departments and secretive government
facilities.
But even then, discussions on primitive online "bulletin
boards" could quickly turn nasty when touchy users
misinterpreted remarks meant to be taken lightly.
After a particularly tangled joke about mercury
contamination in an elevator, users of a Carnegie Mellon
University bulletin board proposed a variety of markers for
humorous comments, including +, %, &, (#) and --/.
Fahlman suggested :-), along with the admonition to "read
it sideways." Before long, other bulletin board users were
placing the smiley face in their messages. The practice spread
as Internet users found the symbol useful as a rough
approximation of a twinkle in the eye.
A FEW FROWNS
Predictably, the smiley face encountered a few frowns as
the online population exploded.
"Humans have managed to communicate with the written word
for thousands of years without strewing crudely fashioned
ideograms across their parchments. It is as if the written word
were a cutting-edge technology without useful precedents,"
groused Neal Stephenson in the New Republic in 1993.
Fahlman stands by his creation. "If Shakespeare were
tossing off a quick note complaining about the lack of employee
parking spaces near the Globe Theater, he might have produced
the same kind of sloppy prose that the rest of us do," Fahlman
writes on his Web site.
Yahoo!, Microsoft and America Online all incorporate
emoticons into their instant-messaging systems, while telecom
firms, jewelry makers and online retailers have filed trademark
applications for products and slogans that incorporate
Fahlman's smiley face.
But Fahlman has never seen a dime from his creation.
"If it cost people a nickel to use it, nobody would have
used it. This is my little gift to the world, for better or
worse," he said.